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Secondary 3 Geography Human Geography Quiz

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Secondary 3 Geography Quiz - Human Geography

Name: _________________________ Class: _________________________ Date: _________________________ Score: ________ / 40

Duration: 45 minutes Total Marks: 40

Instructions:

This quiz contains 20 questions on the topic of Human Geography, focusing on Tourism and Sustainable Development.
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
The number of marks for each question is shown in brackets.
Read each question carefully before answering.

Section A: Knowledge and Understanding (10 marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

1. Define the term 'sustainable development'. [2 marks]

2. State two factors that have led to the growth of global tourism. [2 marks]

3. What is the difference between a 'generating region' and a 'destination region' in the tourism system? [2 marks]

4. Identify two types of ecosystem services found in urban neighbourhoods. [2 marks]

5. State one positive and one negative social impact of tourism. [2 marks]

Section B: Application and Analysis (10 marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

6. Study the information below, which describes a tourist destination.

"Boracay, a small island in the Philippines, experienced rapid tourism growth from the 1990s. By 2018, the island was receiving over 2 million visitors annually. However, the government closed the island to tourists for six months in 2018 due to severe environmental problems, including untreated sewage flowing into the sea and damage to coral reefs."

(a) Using the Tourism Area Life Cycle model, identify the stage Boracay had reached by 2018. [1 mark]

(b) Explain why the government's decision to close the island can be considered a strategy for rejuvenation. [3 marks]

7. Explain how the trend of 'new media' has influenced tourism development. Support your answer with an example. [4 marks]

8. A student wants to investigate whether tourism has improved the quality of life for residents in a coastal town.

(a) State a suitable hypothesis for this investigation. [1 mark]

(b) Describe how the student could use a questionnaire survey and stratified sampling to collect primary data. [4 marks]

9. With reference to a named tourist destination, explain how economic leakages can reduce the benefits of tourism for the local economy. [5 marks]

Section C: Evaluation and Synthesis (10 marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

10. "Community-based tourism is the most effective approach to achieving sustainable tourism in developing countries."

To what extent do you agree with this statement? Support your answer with examples. [6 marks]

11. Evaluate the effectiveness of environmental stewardship in building sustainable urban neighbourhoods. Use a named example to support your answer. [6 marks]

12. Discuss the role of government policies in managing the negative environmental impacts of tourism. [6 marks]

13. Assess the view that the economic benefits of tourism always outweigh the social costs for host communities. [6 marks]

14. Explain how the concept of carrying capacity can be applied to manage tourist destinations sustainably. [6 marks]

15. Evaluate the success of international efforts to promote sustainable tourism. [6 marks]

Section D: Data Response and Critical Thinking (10 marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

16. Study Figure 1, which shows international tourist arrivals by region from 2000 to 2020.

(a) Describe the trend in tourist arrivals for Asia and the Pacific. [2 marks]

(b) Suggest two reasons for the trend identified in (a). [4 marks]

17. Study Figure 2, a photograph of a crowded beach in a popular tourist destination.

(a) Identify two environmental problems likely to be caused by the situation shown. [2 marks]

(b) Propose two strategies the local authorities could implement to address these problems. [4 marks]

18. A group of students conducted a survey on residents' perceptions of tourism in their neighbourhood. The results are shown in Table 1.

(a) Using the data, describe the relationship between proximity to tourist attractions and residents' satisfaction levels. [2 marks]

(b) Explain one reason for this relationship. [2 marks]

19. Read the following article extract about a tourism development project.

"The new resort complex in Krabi, Thailand, promises to create 500 jobs and boost the local economy. However, environmental groups have raised concerns about the destruction of mangrove forests and the displacement of local fishing communities."

(a) Identify one economic benefit and one environmental cost of the project. [2 marks]

(b) Suggest how the developers could adopt a more sustainable approach to the project. [4 marks]

20. "Tourism is a powerful force for cultural preservation."

Discuss this statement, using examples to support your argument. [6 marks]

End of Quiz

Answers

Secondary 3 Geography Quiz - Human Geography: Answer Key

Total Marks: 40

Section A: Knowledge and Understanding (10 marks)

1. Define the term 'sustainable development'. [2 marks]

Answer: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. [1 mark] It involves balancing economic, social, and environmental considerations. [1 mark]
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for a correct definition referencing present and future generations. Award 1 mark for mentioning the three dimensions (economic, social, environmental) or the concept of balance.

2. State two factors that have led to the growth of global tourism. [2 marks]

Answer: Any two from:
- Increased disposable income / rising affluence (ability to travel).
- More leisure time / paid holidays (motivation to travel).
- Improvements in transport technology / cheaper air travel (mobility).
- Growth of budget airlines / package holidays.
- Increased marketing and promotion through media.
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for each correctly stated factor. Accept other valid factors such as globalisation, improved safety, or ease of online booking.

3. What is the difference between a 'generating region' and a 'destination region' in the tourism system? [2 marks]

Answer: A generating region is the place where tourists originate from / where the demand for tourism is created. [1 mark] A destination region is the place that tourists travel to / where the main tourism activities and attractions are located. [1 mark]
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for each correct definition. Accept answers that clearly contrast the two concepts.

4. Identify two types of ecosystem services found in urban neighbourhoods. [2 marks]

Answer: Any two from:
- Provisioning services (e.g., food from community gardens, water).
- Regulating services (e.g., trees regulating air quality, temperature regulation).
- Cultural services (e.g., parks providing recreational spaces, aesthetic value).
- Supporting services (e.g., soil formation, nutrient cycling).
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for each correctly identified type. The type must be named, not just an example, though an example can be given alongside.

5. State one positive and one negative social impact of tourism. [2 marks]

Answer:
- Positive (any one): Cultural preservation / revival of traditional crafts and festivals; improved community facilities (e.g., roads, healthcare); increased cross-cultural understanding.
- Negative (any one): Commodification of culture / loss of authenticity; cultural clashes / social tension between tourists and residents; increased crime or anti-social behaviour; displacement of local residents.
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for a valid positive impact and 1 mark for a valid negative impact. Must be social, not economic or environmental.

Section B: Application and Analysis (10 marks)

6. (a) Using the Tourism Area Life Cycle model, identify the stage Boracay had reached by 2018. [1 mark]

Answer: Stagnation or Decline.
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for either 'Stagnation' or 'Decline'. The description indicates the negative consequences of mass tourism, fitting the stagnation (plateauing with problems) or early decline stage.

(b) Explain why the government's decision to close the island can be considered a strategy for rejuvenation. [3 marks]

Answer: The closure is a strategy for rejuvenation because it allows the environment to recover from the damage caused by overtourism [1 mark]. By halting tourist activities, sewage and pollution can be cleaned up, and coral reefs can begin to regenerate [1 mark]. This aims to restore the island's natural attractions, which are the primary draw for tourists, potentially repositioning the destination and attracting a more sustainable type of tourism in the future [1 mark].
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for linking the closure to environmental recovery. Award 1 mark for explaining how this recovery addresses the specific problems mentioned (sewage, reef damage). Award 1 mark for linking the recovery to the concept of rejuvenation (restoring attractiveness/repositioning). Accept other valid explanations.

7. Explain how the trend of 'new media' has influenced tourism development. Support your answer with an example. [4 marks]

Answer: New media, such as social media platforms (e.g., Instagram, TikTok) and travel blogs, has significantly influenced tourism by changing how destinations are marketed and how tourists make decisions [1 mark]. User-generated content, like photos and reviews, acts as powerful, authentic marketing, often making lesser-known places go 'viral' and rapidly increasing visitor numbers [1 mark]. For example, the popularity of certain viewpoints or cafes in Bali has surged after being featured in Instagram posts by influencers, leading to concentrated tourist flows and the development of new businesses in those specific areas [1 mark]. This can lead to both opportunities (economic growth) and challenges (overtourism in specific spots) [1 mark].
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for identifying new media as a trend. Award 1 mark for explaining its role in marketing/decision-making. Award 1 mark for a relevant, specific example. Award 1 mark for explaining a consequence (positive or negative) of this influence. Accept other valid examples and explanations.

8. (a) State a suitable hypothesis for this investigation. [1 mark]

Answer: A suitable hypothesis should be clear, testable, and state a relationship. Example: "Residents employed in the tourism industry report a higher quality of life than those not employed in the tourism industry." OR "Residents living in the town centre, where most tourists stay, perceive a lower quality of life than those living on the outskirts."
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for a hypothesis that is specific, measurable, and relates tourism to quality of life. It does not need to be a 'correct' hypothesis, just a well-formed one.

(b) Describe how the student could use a questionnaire survey and stratified sampling to collect primary data. [4 marks]

Answer: The student should first identify relevant strata (sub-groups) within the town's population, such as those employed in tourism vs. those in other sectors, or residents in high-tourism zones vs. low-tourism zones [1 mark]. Using stratified sampling, the student would then randomly select a proportional number of respondents from each stratum to ensure the sample is representative [1 mark]. A questionnaire would be designed with questions to measure quality of life, using indicators like satisfaction with public services, noise levels, and community spirit. Likert-scale questions (e.g., "I am satisfied with the cleanliness of my neighbourhood: Strongly Agree → Strongly Disagree") would be useful [1 mark]. The questionnaires would then be distributed to the selected households, either in person or via mail/online, to collect the primary data [1 mark].
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for correctly identifying strata. Award 1 mark for describing the random selection process within strata. Award 1 mark for describing the questionnaire design (mentioning relevant question types or indicators). Award 1 mark for describing the distribution method. Accept other valid descriptions of the process.

9. With reference to a named tourist destination, explain how economic leakages can reduce the benefits of tourism for the local economy. [5 marks]

Answer: Economic leakage occurs when money generated by tourism leaves the local economy to pay for imported goods, foreign-owned companies, or repatriated profits [1 mark]. For example, in many Caribbean island destinations like Jamaica, a large proportion of tourists stay in foreign-owned all-inclusive resorts [1 mark]. These resorts often import food, beverages, and furnishings from overseas, meaning the money spent by tourists does not benefit local farmers or businesses [1 mark]. Furthermore, profits from these resorts are often repatriated to the company's home country, rather than being reinvested locally [1 mark]. As a result, the multiplier effect within the local economy is weakened, and the net economic benefit of tourism is significantly reduced [1 mark].
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for defining economic leakage. Award 1 mark for naming a relevant destination. Award 1 mark for explaining the mechanism of leakage (e.g., imports). Award 1 mark for explaining another mechanism (e.g., repatriated profits). Award 1 mark for linking leakage to reduced local economic benefits. Accept other valid named destinations and explanations.

Section C: Evaluation and Synthesis (10 marks)

10. "Community-based tourism is the most effective approach to achieving sustainable tourism in developing countries."

To what extent do you agree with this statement? Support your answer with examples. [6 marks]

Answer: Community-based tourism (CBT) is an approach where local communities have substantial control over, and involvement in, tourism development and management, with a significant proportion of benefits remaining within the community. I largely agree with the statement, though it is not without limitations. CBT is effective because it directly addresses the economic pillar of sustainability by ensuring income and jobs stay local, reducing economic leakages. For example, the Uakari Floating Lodge in Brazil is managed by local riverine communities, providing them with a direct income and incentivising conservation of the Amazon rainforest. Socially, CBT empowers communities, preserves cultural heritage, and can lead to more authentic tourist experiences, as seen in the village homestays in Thailand. Environmentally, when communities benefit from tourism, they are more motivated to protect their natural resources, a key principle of sustainable development. However, CBT is not a panacea. It can be challenging to implement on a large scale, may suffer from internal community conflicts over benefit distribution, and can lack the marketing expertise to compete with mass tourism operators. In some cases, it can also lead to the commodification of culture if not managed sensitively. Therefore, while CBT is a highly effective and ethical model for sustainable tourism, it works best as part of a broader strategy that includes supportive government policies, education, and responsible marketing, rather than being the sole solution.
Marking notes: Award marks for a well-structured argument that shows evaluation ('to what extent'). Look for: a clear definition of CBT (1 mark); explanation of how it achieves economic, social, and environmental sustainability (up to 3 marks); use of relevant examples (1 mark); and a balanced conclusion acknowledging limitations (1 mark).

11. Evaluate the effectiveness of environmental stewardship in building sustainable urban neighbourhoods. Use a named example to support your answer. [6 marks]

Answer: Environmental stewardship refers to the responsible use and protection of the natural environment through conservation and sustainable practices, often driven by community action. It is highly effective in building sustainable urban neighbourhoods because it fosters a sense of ownership and long-term commitment among residents, which is crucial for the maintenance of green spaces and sustainable behaviours. For example, the community gardens and park connectors in Singapore's Punggol Eco-Town are not just top-down government initiatives; they are actively maintained by residents through 'Friends of the Parks' groups and community gardening schemes. This stewardship enhances regulating ecosystem services (e.g., improving air quality, reducing urban heat island effect) and cultural services (e.g., providing recreational space, building community bonds). It also supports provisioning services through local food production. However, the effectiveness of stewardship can be limited by a lack of resources, volunteer fatigue, or conflicting interests within a community. It is most effective when supported by strong government frameworks, such as funding, training, and policies that protect green spaces from development. Without this institutional support, grassroots stewardship alone may struggle to counter large-scale urban pressures. Overall, environmental stewardship is a vital and effective component of urban sustainability, but it is not a substitute for comprehensive urban planning and policy.
Marking notes: Award marks for a clear evaluation. Look for: definition of environmental stewardship (1 mark); explanation of its role in sustainability (social, environmental benefits) (2 marks); a specific, well-described named example (1 mark); and a balanced assessment of its effectiveness, including limitations (2 marks).

12. Discuss the role of government policies in managing the negative environmental impacts of tourism. [6 marks]

Answer: Government policies play a crucial and often decisive role in managing the negative environmental impacts of tourism. They provide the regulatory framework and enforcement mechanisms that individual businesses or communities cannot. Key policy tools include legislation, such as setting strict limits on development in ecologically sensitive areas (e.g., banning construction on beaches or near coral reefs), and enforcing environmental impact assessments for new tourism projects. Economic instruments are also effective, such as imposing tourist taxes (like the Sustainable Development Fee in Bhutan) to fund conservation and waste management, or using park entry fees to limit visitor numbers and generate revenue for protection. The closure of Boracay Island in the Philippines for rehabilitation in 2018 is a powerful example of a direct government intervention to address severe sewage and reef damage, enforcing new building regulations and carrying capacity limits before reopening. However, the effectiveness of policies depends heavily on political will, adequate funding for enforcement, and the ability to resist corruption or pressure from powerful development interests. Policies can also be ineffective if they are not integrated with broader planning or if they lack local community support. In conclusion, while government policies are indispensable for setting the rules and providing resources for environmental management, their success hinges on good governance, enforcement, and collaboration with all stakeholders.
Marking notes: Award marks for a discussion that shows two sides. Look for: identification of specific policy types (legislation, economic instruments) (2 marks); use of a concrete example (1 mark); explanation of how policies manage impacts (2 marks); and a balanced conclusion on their effectiveness and limitations (1 mark).

13. Assess the view that the economic benefits of tourism always outweigh the social costs for host communities. [6 marks]

Answer: The view that economic benefits always outweigh social costs is an oversimplification and is often incorrect. While tourism can bring significant economic benefits, such as job creation, foreign exchange earnings, and infrastructure development, these do not automatically compensate for severe social costs. In many mass tourism destinations, the economic benefits are unevenly distributed, with profits leaking overseas, while the social costs are borne locally. For example, in Venice, Italy, the economic revenue from millions of day-trippers is substantial, but the social costs have been immense: the resident population has halved in 50 years due to rising living costs and the conversion of homes into tourist rentals, leading to the erosion of community life and local culture. Similarly, in Barcelona, anti-tourism sentiment has grown due to overcrowding, noise, and the displacement of local shops by souvenir stores. However, in cases where tourism is carefully planned and managed, the balance can be more positive. Community-based tourism models, as seen in parts of Costa Rica, can ensure that economic benefits are retained locally and used to fund social amenities like schools and clinics, thereby mitigating social costs. Ultimately, whether economic benefits outweigh social costs depends entirely on the type of tourism, the strength of local governance, and the policies in place to protect residents. The statement is therefore not universally true.
Marking notes: Award marks for a clear assessment ('always' is the key word to challenge). Look for: a clear stance (1 mark); explanation of typical economic benefits (1 mark); explanation of typical social costs (1 mark); use of a detailed, contrasting example (2 marks); and a nuanced conclusion (1 mark).

14. Explain how the concept of carrying capacity can be applied to manage tourist destinations sustainably. [6 marks]

Answer: Carrying capacity refers to the maximum number of visitors that a site can accommodate without causing unacceptable negative impacts on the environment, local society, or the quality of the visitor experience. It is a fundamental concept for sustainable tourism management. It can be applied in several ways. First, environmental carrying capacity focuses on the physical limits of the ecosystem, such as the number of hikers a trail can take before soil erosion occurs, or the number of divers a coral reef can sustain before it is damaged. Managers can use this to set daily visitor limits, as seen in the Galapagos Islands, where strict quotas on boat numbers and visitor sites are enforced. Second, social carrying capacity relates to the tolerance of the host community and the quality of the tourist experience. When a destination feels overcrowded, both residents suffer from congestion and tourists have a diminished experience. This can be managed by dispersing tourists to alternative sites, promoting off-season travel, or using timed entry systems. Third, physical carrying capacity is the simple limit of space, like the number of parking lots or hotel rooms, which can be capped through planning regulations. Applying these limits effectively requires continuous monitoring and the willingness to enforce restrictions, which can be politically difficult. When successfully applied, carrying capacity management ensures that tourism development remains within the bounds of what the destination can sustainably support.
Marking notes: Award marks for a clear explanation. Look for: a correct definition of carrying capacity (1 mark); distinction between environmental, social, and physical carrying capacity (3 marks); a specific example of its application (1 mark); and an explanation of how this leads to sustainable management (1 mark).

15. Evaluate the success of international efforts to promote sustainable tourism. [6 marks]

Answer: International efforts to promote sustainable tourism have had mixed success. On one hand, they have been crucial in raising global awareness, setting standards, and providing frameworks for action. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has been instrumental in defining sustainable tourism and promoting best practices through guidelines and conferences. The designation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, for example, can bring international attention and funding for conservation, encouraging sustainable management plans. The Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) has established baseline standards for hotels and tour operators, creating a recognised certification system that helps consumers make responsible choices. However, these efforts face significant limitations. They are often non-binding, relying on voluntary adoption by national governments and private companies. Enforcement is weak, and "greenwashing"—where businesses falsely claim to be sustainable—is a persistent problem. Furthermore, the sheer scale of global tourism growth often overwhelms these initiatives. The carbon footprint from long-haul aviation, a major contributor to climate change, remains largely unaddressed by international tourism bodies. Therefore, while international efforts have successfully built a global consensus and provided valuable tools, they have been less successful in fundamentally altering the trajectory of unsustainable mass tourism, which requires stronger regulatory action at the national and local levels.
Marking notes: Award marks for a balanced evaluation. Look for: identification of specific international bodies/efforts (e.g., UNWTO, GSTC, UNESCO) (2 marks); explanation of their successes (awareness, standards) (2 marks); explanation of their limitations (voluntary, greenwashing, scale) (2 marks).

Section D: Data Response and Critical Thinking (10 marks)

16. (a) Describe the trend in tourist arrivals for Asia and the Pacific. [2 marks]

Answer: The trend shows a rapid and sustained increase in international tourist arrivals to Asia and the Pacific from 2000 to 2019, followed by a sharp decline in 2020.
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for noting the general upward trend (2000-2019). Award 1 mark for noting the sharp decline in 2020. Accept reference to specific data points if a figure was provided.

(b) Suggest two reasons for the trend identified in (a). [4 marks]

Answer: Reason 1: The rapid economic growth in many Asian countries, such as China and India, has created a large and expanding middle class with higher disposable incomes and a desire to travel, both within the region and internationally. This has driven the long-term increase in arrivals. [2 marks] Reason 2: The sharp decline in 2020 was caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to unprecedented global travel restrictions, border closures, and lockdowns, virtually halting international tourism. [2 marks]
Marking notes: Award 2 marks for a well-explained reason for the increase (e.g., economic growth, cheaper air travel, visa facilitation). Award 2 marks for a well-explained reason for the 2020 decline (pandemic and travel restrictions). One mark each for identification, one mark each for explanation.

17. (a) Identify two environmental problems likely to be caused by the situation shown. [2 marks]

Answer: Any two from: littering and solid waste pollution; water pollution from sunscreen and waste; damage to coastal vegetation/dunes from trampling; disturbance to wildlife; increased pressure on local water and energy resources.
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for each valid environmental problem clearly linked to a crowded beach scenario.

(b) Propose two strategies the local authorities could implement to address these problems. [4 marks]

Answer: Strategy 1: Implement a carrying capacity management system, such as a daily visitor cap or a beach reservation system, to limit the number of people on the beach at any one time, thereby reducing physical pressure on the environment. [2 marks] Strategy 2: Improve waste management infrastructure by providing more bins, enforcing strict anti-littering fines, and running educational campaigns to encourage tourists to take their rubbish home. [2 marks]
Marking notes: Award 2 marks for each strategy. 1 mark for a clear, practical strategy, and 1 mark for explaining how it would address the problem. Accept other valid strategies like zoning for different activities, building boardwalks, or banning single-use plastics.

18. (a) Using the data, describe the relationship between proximity to tourist attractions and residents' satisfaction levels. [2 marks]

Answer: The data shows a negative relationship: as proximity to tourist attractions increases (i.e., living closer), residents' satisfaction levels decrease. For example, those living within 500m report the lowest satisfaction, while those living over 2km away report the highest.
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for identifying the negative relationship. Award 1 mark for supporting the description with reference to the data (e.g., comparing the closest and furthest groups).

(b) Explain one reason for this relationship. [2 marks]

Answer: Residents living closer to tourist attractions are more likely to experience the negative externalities of tourism on a daily basis, such as noise pollution, traffic congestion, and overcrowding of local amenities. This constant exposure leads to a lower perceived quality of life and satisfaction compared to those who live further away and are less affected.
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for identifying a valid reason (e.g., noise, congestion). Award 1 mark for explaining how this reason leads to lower satisfaction.

19. (a) Identify one economic benefit and one environmental cost of the project. [2 marks]

Answer: Economic benefit: Creation of 500 jobs / boost to the local economy. [1 mark] Environmental cost: Destruction of mangrove forests. [1 mark]
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for each correct identification directly from the text.

(b) Suggest how the developers could adopt a more sustainable approach to the project. [4 marks]

Answer: The developers could adopt a more sustainable approach by first conducting a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to identify all sensitive ecosystems and plan the resort's location to avoid destroying the mangrove forests [1 mark]. They could design the resort using green building principles, such as using local, sustainable materials and incorporating renewable energy and water recycling systems [1 mark]. To address the social cost, they should engage with the local fishing communities from the outset, ensuring the project does not block their access to the sea and prioritising hiring and sourcing supplies locally to ensure the economic benefits are shared [1 mark]. A formal community benefit agreement could be established to guarantee local employment and support community development projects [1 mark].
Marking notes: Award 1 mark for each distinct, well-explained sustainable strategy. Strategies should address the specific environmental and social costs mentioned. Look for EIA, green design, community engagement, and local economic linkages.

20. "Tourism is a powerful force for cultural preservation."

Discuss this statement, using examples to support your argument. [6 marks]

Answer: Tourism can be a powerful force for cultural preservation, but it is a double-edged sword that can just as easily lead to cultural erosion. On the positive side, tourist demand can provide the economic incentive needed to revive and maintain cultural traditions that might otherwise be lost. For example, the revenue from tourism has funded the restoration of historical sites like the temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia and has revived traditional crafts, such as batik painting in Indonesia and carpet weaving in Turkey, by creating a market for these goods. Cultural festivals, like the Day of the Dead in Mexico, have been revitalised and are now celebrated with greater vigour, partly due to international interest. However, this same commercial pressure can lead to the commodification of culture, where traditions are modified, shortened, or staged purely for tourist entertainment, losing their authentic meaning and significance. This can result in a "zooification" of culture, where people and their traditions are treated as exhibits. Furthermore, the influx of tourists with different values can lead to cultural erosion, particularly among younger generations who may abandon traditional ways of life. Therefore, tourism's role in cultural preservation is not automatic; it is a powerful force that requires careful, community-led management to ensure it preserves and respects culture rather than exploiting it.
Marking notes: Award marks for a balanced discussion. Look for: a clear introduction outlining the dual nature of tourism's impact (1 mark); explanation and examples of how tourism aids preservation (2 marks); explanation and examples of how it causes commodification/erosion (2 marks); and a reasoned conclusion (1 mark).