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Secondary 2 Geography Semestral Assessment 2 (End of Year) Paper 2

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TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper - Geography Secondary 2

TuitionGoWhere Secondary School (AI)

Subject: Geography
Level: Secondary 2
Paper: SA2 Version 2
Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes
Total Marks: 60

Name: _______________________
Class: _______________________
Date: _______________________

Instructions to Candidates

Write your name, class, and date in the spaces provided above.
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
The total number of marks for this paper is 60.
You may use a calculator where necessary.
For map-based questions, refer to the map extract provided in the insert (simulated via image placeholders).

Section A: Map Skills [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

Question 1

Study the topographic map extract of Area X (scale 1:25,000) provided in the insert.

<image_placeholder> id: Q1-fig1 type: map linked_question: Q1 description: Topographic map extract of Area X at 1:25,000 scale showing grid lines, contour lines at 20m intervals, a river flowing northeast to southwest, a main road running east-west, a hospital at grid square 4520, a school at 4722, a quarry at 4318, and a forested area in the north. Grid lines numbered 40-50 (eastings) and 15-25 (northings). labels: Grid lines (eastings 40-50, northings 15-25), contour lines (20m interval), river, main road, hospital (H), school (Sch), quarry (Q), forest boundary values: Scale 1:25,000; contour interval 20m; grid squares 1km x 1km must_show: All grid lines labelled, contour lines with spot heights, conventional symbols for hospital, school, quarry, forest, river, road </image_placeholder>

(a) State the four-figure grid reference of the hospital. [1]

(b) State the six-figure grid reference of the school. [1]

(c) The quarry is located at grid square 4318. Describe the relief of the area around the quarry using evidence from the map. [2]

(d) Measure the straight-line distance between the hospital and the school. Give your answer in kilometres. [1]

Question 2

The map extract shows a river flowing through Area X.

(a) State the direction of flow of the river. [1]

(b) Identify two pieces of map evidence that support your answer in (a). [2]

(c) Calculate the average gradient of the river between the point where it enters the map at the northeast corner (grid reference 4924) and where it exits at the southwest corner (grid reference 4116). The contour interval is 20 m. Show your working. [3]

Question 3

Refer to the map extract.

(a) What is the map distance (in cm) between the hospital (4520) and the quarry (4318) if measured along the main road? [1]

(b) Convert this distance to actual ground distance in kilometres. [1]

(c) A student walks from the school (4722) to the hospital (4520) via the main road. Estimate the time taken if the student walks at an average speed of 5 km/h. Give your answer in minutes. [2]

Question 4

The map shows a forested area in the northern part of Area X.

(a) State the four-figure grid reference of the southernmost point of the forested area. [1]

(b) Suggest one reason why the forested area is located on the higher ground, based on map evidence. [1]

Section B: Graph and Data Interpretation [20 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

Question 5

Study Figure 1, which shows the monthly rainfall (mm) and average monthly temperature (°C) for Station A in Singapore.

<image_placeholder> id: Q5-fig1 type: graph linked_question: Q5 description: Climate graph for Station A showing monthly rainfall as bars (Jan: 240, Feb: 160, Mar: 180, Apr: 190, May: 170, Jun: 150, Jul: 155, Aug: 160, Sep: 170, Oct: 200, Nov: 250, Dec: 280 mm) and average monthly temperature as a line graph (Jan: 26.5, Feb: 27.0, Mar: 27.5, Apr: 28.0, May: 28.5, Jun: 28.0, Jul: 27.5, Aug: 27.5, Sep: 27.5, Oct: 27.5, Nov: 27.0, Dec: 26.5 °C). Dual-axis: left axis rainfall 0-300mm, right axis temperature 26-29°C. labels: Months (Jan-Dec), Rainfall (mm), Temperature (°C) values: As listed above must_show: Bar chart for rainfall, line graph for temperature, dual axes clearly labelled, months on x-axis </image_placeholder>

(a) Which month has the highest rainfall? [1]

(b) State the annual temperature range for Station A. [1]

(d) Describe the relationship between monthly rainfall and temperature shown in Figure 1. [2]

(e) Explain one reason for the rainfall pattern observed in November and December. [2]

Question 6

Figure 2 shows a population pyramid for Country X in 2023.

<image_placeholder> id: Q6-fig1 type: graph linked_question: Q6 description: Population pyramid for Country X (2023) showing percentage of population by age group (0-4, 5-9, ..., 80+) and sex (male left, female right). Broad base: 0-4 (M 4.5%, F 4.3%), 5-9 (M 4.2%, F 4.0%), 10-14 (M 3.8%, F 3.6%). Narrowing rapidly: 20-24 (M 3.0%, F 2.9%), 30-34 (M 2.5%, F 2.5%), 50-54 (M 1.8%, F 1.9%), 70-74 (M 0.8%, F 1.0%), 80+ (M 0.5%, F 0.8%). Total population ~25 million. labels: Age groups (0-4 to 80+), Male (%), Female (%) values: Percentages as listed must_show: Horizontal bars for male (left) and female (right), age groups on y-axis, percentage on x-axis, clear title "Country X Population Pyramid 2023" </image_placeholder>

(a) Describe the shape of the population pyramid. [1]

(b) What does the shape suggest about the birth rate and death rate of Country X? [2]

(d) Suggest one economic challenge Country X may face based on this population structure. [2]

Question 7

Figure 3 shows a divided bar graph of land use in City Y for the years 1990 and 2020.

<image_placeholder> id: Q7-fig1 type: graph linked_question: Q7 description: Divided bar graph comparing land use in City Y, 1990 vs 2020. Each bar 100% width. 1990: Residential 35%, Commercial 15%, Industrial 20%, Transport 10%, Green/Open Space 20%. 2020: Residential 45%, Commercial 20%, Industrial 10%, Transport 15%, Green/Open Space 10%. Total land area: 500 km². labels: Land use categories, Year (1990, 2020), Percentage (%) values: As listed must_show: Two side-by-side divided bars, each segmented by category with distinct colours/patterns, legend, percentage labels on segments </image_placeholder>

(a) Which land use category showed the largest percentage increase between 1990 and 2020? [1]

(b) Calculate the actual area (in km²) of Green/Open Space in 2020. [1]

(d) Suggest two reasons for the change in Residential land use shown in Figure 3. [3]

Question 8

Table 1 shows water consumption by sector in Singapore for 2010 and 2020.

Sector	2010 (million m³)	2020 (million m³)
Domestic	300	320
Non-Domestic	250	280
NEWater	50	150
Desalinated Water	30	100
Total	630	850

(a) Calculate the percentage increase in total water consumption from 2010 to 2020. [2]

(b) Which sector showed the largest absolute increase in consumption? [1]

(d) Explain why NEWater and desalinated water have increased significantly between 2010 and 2020. [3]

Section C: Data Analysis and Geographical Skills [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

Question 9

A group of Secondary 2 students conducted a fieldwork investigation on traffic flow at two junctions (Junction A and Junction B) near their school on a weekday morning (7:00–8:00 am). Their results are shown in Table 2.

Vehicle Type	Junction A (count)	Junction B (count)
Cars	420	380
Motorcycles	180	220
Buses	40	60
Goods Vehicles	60	40
Total	700	700

(a) Complete Figure 4 by drawing a comparative bar graph to show the vehicle counts at both junctions. Use the grid provided. [3]

<image_placeholder> id: Q9-fig1 type: graph linked_question: Q9 description: Blank comparative bar graph grid for student completion. X-axis: Vehicle Types (Cars, Motorcycles, Buses, Goods Vehicles). Y-axis: Count (0-500, intervals of 50). Two bars per vehicle type (Junction A, Junction B). Title: "Vehicle Counts at Junction A and Junction B, 7-8am Weekday". labels: Vehicle Types, Count, Junction A, Junction B values: Data from Table 2 must_show: Grid with axes labelled, scale marked, space for two bars per category, legend area </image_placeholder>

(b) State one advantage of using a comparative bar graph to represent this data. [1]

(c) The students concluded: "Junction B has heavier traffic than Junction A because it has more buses and motorcycles."
Evaluate this conclusion using evidence from Table 2. [3]

Question 10

Figure 5 shows a cross-section drawn along a transect from Point P to Point Q on a topographic map. The horizontal scale is 1 cm = 500 m. The vertical scale is 1 cm = 100 m.

<image_placeholder> id: Q10-fig1 type: diagram linked_question: Q10 description: Cross-section diagram from P to Q showing elevation profile. Horizontal distance 4 cm (2 km). Points: P (elevation 100m), hill summit at 1.5cm from P (elevation 300m), valley at 2.5cm from P (elevation 150m), Q (elevation 200m). Vertical exaggeration present. labels: P, Q, distance markers, elevation markers, hill summit, valley values: Horizontal scale 1cm=500m, vertical scale 1cm=100m, elevations as listed must_show: Cross-section line with elevation profile, horizontal and vertical scales indicated, key points labelled </image_placeholder>

(a) Calculate the vertical exaggeration (VE) of the cross-section. [1]

(b) Determine the gradient of the slope from Point P to the hill summit. Express as a ratio (1:x). [2]

(c) The students want to build a walking trail from P to Q. Based on the cross-section, suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of routing the trail over the hill summit versus through the valley. [3]

Question 11

Figure 6 is a scatter graph showing the relationship between GDP per capita (US$) and infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) for 10 countries.

<image_placeholder> id: Q11-fig1 type: graph linked_question: Q11 description: Scatter graph with GDP per capita (x-axis, log scale: 1000, 5000, 10000, 20000, 50000) and infant mortality rate (y-axis: 0-60). 10 data points showing negative correlation: Country A (1000, 55), B (2000, 45), C (5000, 30), D (8000, 20), E (10000, 15), F (15000, 10), G (20000, 8), H (30000, 5), I (40000, 4), J (50000, 3). Trend line downward. labels: GDP per capita (US$), Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) values: As listed must_show: Scatter points labelled A-J, log scale x-axis, linear y-axis, trend line, axes labelled with units </image_placeholder>

(a) Describe the relationship shown in Figure 6. [1]

(b) Identify the anomalous result (if any) and suggest a possible reason for it. [2]

(d) Explain why GDP per capita alone may not fully explain differences in infant mortality rates between countries. [2]

Section D: Geographical Investigation and Synthesis [10 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

Question 12

Students are planning a geographical investigation on "The impact of urbanisation on surface runoff in a local catchment."

(a) State one suitable hypothesis for this investigation. [1]

(b) Identify two primary data collection methods the students could use. [2]

(d) Suggest one way to present the data collected to show the relationship between urbanisation and surface runoff. [1]

(e) State one limitation of the investigation and suggest how it could be improved. [2]

Question 13

Figure 7 shows satellite images of an area in Southeast Asia taken in 1990 and 2020.

<image_placeholder> id: Q13-fig1 type: source_image linked_question: Q13 description: Pair of satellite images (1990 and 2020) of same area. 1990: Dense green vegetation cover, meandering river, few small settlements. 2020: Large cleared areas (light brown), straight drainage channels, expanded urban area (grey), palm oil plantations (geometric green patches), reduced forest cover. labels: 1990 image, 2020 image, scale bar, north arrow, key features: forest, urban, plantation, river values: Scale 1:50,000 approx must_show: Two side-by-side images with clear temporal labels, visible land cover change, scale and orientation </image_placeholder>

(a) Describe two changes in land use between 1990 and 2020 visible in the satellite images. [2]

(b) Explain one environmental impact of the changes shown. [2]

End of Paper

Total Marks: 60

Answers

TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper - Geography Secondary 2 (SA2 Version 2) - Answer Key

Total Marks: 60

Section A: Map Skills [15 marks]

Question 1

(a) Four-figure grid reference of the hospital: 4520 [1]
Marking: 1 mark for correct four-figure grid reference (easting 45, northing 20).

(b) Six-figure grid reference of the school: 472222 [1]
Marking: 1 mark for correct six-figure grid reference. Easting 472 (47 + 2/10), northing 222 (22 + 2/10). Accept 472222 or 472 222.

(c) Relief around the quarry (4318): [2]

The quarry is located on relatively flat/low-lying ground (1 mark)
Evidence: Contour lines are widely spaced / few contour lines / low contour values (e.g., 20-40m) around grid square 4318 (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark for description (flat/gentle slope), 1 mark for map evidence (contour spacing/values).

(d) Straight-line distance between hospital (4520) and school (4722): [1]

Map distance: ~2.8 cm (measured from centre of 4520 to centre of 4722)
Ground distance: 2.8 cm × 25,000 = 70,000 cm = 0.7 km (accept 0.65–0.75 km)
Marking: 1 mark for correct answer with units (km).

Question 2

(a) Direction of flow of the river: Northeast to Southwest / SW [1]
Marking: 1 mark for correct cardinal/intercardinal direction.

(b) Two pieces of map evidence: [2]

Contour values decrease from northeast (higher contours, e.g., 100m) to southwest (lower contours, e.g., 20m) (1 mark)
River flows from higher ground (northeast) to lower ground (southwest) / River flows downhill following contour gradient (1 mark)
Alternative evidence: River joins a larger water body in SW; V-shaped contour crossing pointing upstream.
Marking: 1 mark each for two valid pieces of evidence.

(c) Average gradient of river between 4924 (entry) and 4116 (exit): [3]
Working:

Vertical difference (VI): Elevation at 4924 ≈ 100 m (from contour lines); Elevation at 4116 ≈ 20 m
VI = 100 – 20 = 80 m
Horizontal distance (HE): Grid distance from 4924 to 4116 = 8 km easting difference + 8 km northing difference?
Actually: 4924 to 4116 → ΔEasting = 8 km, ΔNorthing = 8 km → straight-line distance = √(8² + 8²) = √128 ≈ 11.3 km
But river meanders; map distance along river ≈ 14 cm → 14 × 0.25 = 3.5 km? Wait, scale 1:25,000 → 1 cm = 0.25 km. If river length on map = 14 cm → 3.5 km.
Better: Use straight-line distance between grid references for "average gradient" as per standard exam practice.
Straight-line distance = √((49-41)² + (24-16)²) = √(64+64) = √128 ≈ 11.31 km = 11,310 m
Gradient = VI : HE = 80 : 11,310 = 1 : 141.4 ≈ 1 : 141

Marking:

1 mark for correct vertical interval (80 m)
1 mark for correct horizontal equivalent (11.3 km or 11,300 m)
1 mark for correct gradient ratio (1:141) with working shown

Common mistake: Using map distance in cm without converting; reversing VI/HE.

Question 3

(a) Map distance along main road between hospital (4520) and quarry (4318): ~3.2 cm [1]
Marking: 1 mark for reasonable measurement (accept 3.0–3.5 cm).

(b) Actual ground distance: [1]
3.2 cm × 25,000 = 80,000 cm = 0.8 km (accept 0.75–0.85 km)
Marking: 1 mark for correct conversion and units.

(c) Time taken to walk from school (4722) to hospital (4520) via main road at 5 km/h: [2]

Map distance along road ≈ 4.0 cm (4722 → 4622 → 4520 along road)
Ground distance = 4.0 × 0.25 = 1.0 km
Time = Distance / Speed = 1.0 km / 5 km/h = 0.2 h = 12 minutes
Marking: 1 mark for correct distance calculation, 1 mark for correct time in minutes.

Question 4

(a) Four-figure grid reference of southernmost point of forested area: 4423 (example; depends on map) [1]
Marking: 1 mark for correct grid square at southern edge of forest.

(b) Reason for forest on higher ground: [1]

Steep slopes / high relief (shown by closely spaced contours) make the land unsuitable for agriculture or urban development, so it remains forested.
OR: Higher elevation → cooler/wetter microclimate favours forest growth.
Marking: 1 mark for valid reason linked to map evidence (relief/climate).

Section B: Graph and Data Interpretation [20 marks]

Question 5

(a) Month with highest rainfall: December (280 mm) [1]

(b) Annual temperature range: [1]
Max temp = 28.5°C (May), Min temp = 26.5°C (Jan/Dec)
Range = 28.5 – 26.5 = 2.0°C
Marking: 1 mark for correct calculation with units.

(c) Total annual rainfall: [1]
Sum = 240+160+180+190+170+150+155+160+170+200+250+280 = 2,305 mm
Marking: 1 mark for correct total (accept 2300–2310 mm).

(d) Relationship between rainfall and temperature: [2]

Generally inverse/negative relationship: Months with higher temperature (Apr–May) have moderate rainfall, while cooler months (Nov–Jan) have higher rainfall (1 mark)
But not perfectly inverse: Temperature peaks Apr–May (28.5°C) while rainfall peaks Nov–Dec (250–280 mm) when temperature is lower (26.5–27.0°C) (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark for identifying pattern, 1 mark for accurate description using data.

(e) Reason for high rainfall in Nov–Dec: [2]

Northeast Monsoon brings moist winds from the South China Sea over Singapore (1 mark)
Convergence of winds / rising air leads to heavy convective rainfall (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark for identifying monsoon, 1 mark for mechanism.

Question 6

(a) Shape of population pyramid: Broad base, rapidly narrowing sides, concave profile, small apex [1]
Marking: 1 mark for accurate description (e.g., "expansive/pyramidal shape with broad base and narrow top").

(b) Birth rate and death rate: [2]

High birth rate → broad base (large 0-4, 5-9 age groups) (1 mark)
High death rate / low life expectancy → rapid narrowing with age, very small elderly cohorts (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark each for birth rate and death rate inference with evidence.

(c) Percentage aged 0-14 (dependent young): [2]
0-4: 4.5+4.3 = 8.8%
5-9: 4.2+4.0 = 8.2%
10-14: 3.8+3.6 = 7.4%
Total = 8.8 + 8.2 + 7.4 = 24.4%
Marking: 1 mark for correct summation method, 1 mark for correct answer (accept 24–25%).

(d) Economic challenge: [2]

High youth dependency ratio → large proportion of population not yet in workforce (1 mark)
Pressure on government spending for education, healthcare, job creation for future workforce (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark for identifying challenge, 1 mark for explanation.

Question 7

(a) Largest percentage increase: Residential (35% → 45% = +10 percentage points) [1]
Marking: 1 mark for correct category.

(b) Actual area of Green/Open Space in 2020: [1]
10% of 500 km² = 50 km²
Marking: 1 mark for correct calculation with units.

(c) Change in Industrial land use: [1]
Decreased from 20% to 10% (halved / 10 percentage point decrease)
Marking: 1 mark for accurate description with data.

(d) Two reasons for increase in Residential land use: [3]

Population growth → greater demand for housing (1 mark)
Urbanisation / rural-urban migration → expansion of residential areas into former green/industrial land (1 mark)
Government housing policies (e.g., HDB building new towns) (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark per valid reason (max 3). Accept other reasonable reasons (e.g., rising incomes, smaller household sizes).

Question 8

(a) Percentage increase in total water consumption (2010–2020): [2]
Increase = 850 – 630 = 220 million m³
% increase = (220 / 630) × 100 = 34.9% ≈ 35%
Marking: 1 mark for correct increase, 1 mark for correct percentage.

(b) Largest absolute increase: Non-Domestic (280 – 250 = 30) Wait: Domestic +20, Non-Domestic +30, NEWater +100, Desalinated +70.
Desalinated Water (+70 million m³) [1]
Marking: 1 mark for correct sector.

(c) % of total consumption met by NEWater in 2020: [1]
(150 / 850) × 100 = 17.6% ≈ 18%
Marking: 1 mark for correct calculation.

(d) Why NEWater and desalinated water increased: [3]

Water security / reduce reliance on imported water (from Malaysia) (1 mark)
Technological advancement made NEWater/desalination more cost-effective (1 mark)
Growing demand from population/economic growth requires diversified sources (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark per valid reason (max 3).

Section C: Data Analysis and Geographical Skills [15 marks]

Question 9

(a) Comparative bar graph: [3]
Marking:

1 mark: Correct title and labelled axes (Vehicle Type, Count)
1 mark: Accurate plotting of all 8 bars (4 types × 2 junctions) to scale
1 mark: Clear legend / colour coding for Junction A vs B, bars side-by-side

(b) Advantage of comparative bar graph: [1]

Allows direct visual comparison of each vehicle type between the two junctions / easy to see similarities/differences.
Marking: 1 mark for valid advantage.

(c) Evaluate conclusion: "Junction B has heavier traffic..." [3]

Conclusion is invalid/incorrect (1 mark)
Evidence: Total vehicles at both junctions = 700 each → traffic volume is equal (1 mark)
Junction B has more buses (60 vs 40) and motorcycles (220 vs 180), but fewer cars (380 vs 420) and goods vehicles (40 vs 60) (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark for judgement, 1 mark for total count evidence, 1 mark for breakdown evidence.

Question 10

(a) Vertical Exaggeration (VE): [1]
VE = Horizontal Scale / Vertical Scale = (500 m/cm) / (100 m/cm) = 5 times (5×)
Marking: 1 mark for correct calculation.

(b) Gradient from P to hill summit: [2]

Horizontal distance: 1.5 cm × 500 m/cm = 750 m
Vertical rise: 300 – 100 = 200 m
Gradient = VI : HE = 200 : 750 = 1 : 3.75 (or 4:15)
Marking: 1 mark for correct VI and HE, 1 mark for correct ratio.

(c) Walking trail: Hill summit vs valley: [3]
Over hill summit:

Advantage: Shorter distance (direct route) / scenic views (1 mark)
Disadvantage: Steep gradient (1:3.75) → difficult for walkers, erosion risk (1 mark)

Through valley:

Advantage: Gentler slope → easier walk, less erosion (1 mark)
Disadvantage: Longer distance / possible flooding / less scenic (1 mark)

Marking: 1 mark for advantage of one route, 1 mark for disadvantage of same/other route, 1 mark for balanced comparison. Max 3 marks.

Question 11

(a) Relationship in Figure 6: [1]
Negative correlation: As GDP per capita increases, infant mortality rate decreases.
Marking: 1 mark for correct description.

(b) Anomalous result: [2]

Country C (GDP $5,000, IMR 30)** appears slightly *above* the trend line (expected ~25) / **Country D ($ 8,000, IMR 20) fits well.
Actually, all points fit a smooth curve. Perhaps no strong anomaly. But if forced:
**Country A ( $1,000, IMR 55)** may be *lower* than expected for very low GDP (some countries <$ 1000 have IMR >60).
Better: No clear anomaly; relationship is consistent.
Accept: "No clear anomaly; all points follow the general trend." (1 mark for identification, 1 mark for reason)
Or if identifying one: Country F ($15,000, IMR 10) is slightly below trend (better than expected) → strong healthcare system / effective public health policies.
Marking: 1 mark for identifying a point (or stating none), 1 mark for plausible reason.

**(c) Estimate IMR for Country K (GDP $12,000):** [1] Between E ($ 10,000, IMR 15) and F ($15,000, IMR 10) → ~12–13 per 1000
Marking: 1 mark for reasonable estimate (11–14).

(d) Why GDP per capita alone is insufficient: [2]

Healthcare access/quality varies at same income level (e.g., public vs private systems) (1 mark)
Other factors: Female education, sanitation, nutrition, disease prevalence, government policy (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark per valid factor.

Section D: Geographical Investigation and Synthesis [10 marks]

Question 12

(a) Suitable hypothesis: [1]

"As the percentage of impervious surface increases, surface runoff volume increases."
"Urbanised catchments have higher peak runoff than forested catchments."
Marking: 1 mark for testable, directional hypothesis linking urbanisation and runoff.

(b) Two primary data collection methods: [2]

Infiltration rate measurement (using infiltrometer)
Stream discharge measurement (velocity × cross-section)
Land use mapping (% impervious surface)
Rainfall measurement (rain gauge)
Marking: 1 mark each (max 2).

(c) Description of one method (e.g., stream discharge): [2]

Measure channel width and depth at regular intervals to calculate cross-sectional area (1 mark)
Measure flow velocity using a flow meter / float method (time over known distance) (1 mark)
Discharge = Area × Velocity; repeat at multiple sites / times (during/after rain)
Marking: 1 mark for equipment/measurements, 1 mark for procedure.

(d) Way to present data to show relationship: [1]

Scatter graph of % impervious surface (x-axis) vs peak runoff / discharge (y-axis)
Comparative hydrographs for urban vs rural catchments
Marking: 1 mark for appropriate graphical method.

(e) Limitation and improvement: [2]

Limitation: Small sample size / only one rainfall event / short study period → results not representative (1 mark)
Improvement: Collect data over long-term data / multiple storm events / more sites (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark for valid limitation, 1 mark for feasible improvement.

Question 13

(a) Two land use changes (1990–2020): [2]

Deforestation: Large areas of dense forest cleared (green → light brown) (1 mark)
Expansion of palm oil plantations (geometric green patches) / Urban expansion (grey areas) / Straightening of river/drainage channels (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark per distinct change with visual evidence.

(b) Environmental impact: [2]

Loss of biodiversity due to habitat destruction (forest → monoculture plantation/urban) (1 mark)
Increased surface runoff / flooding due to loss of vegetation and soil compaction (1 mark)
OR: Soil erosion, carbon emissions, water pollution from plantations.
Marking: 1 mark for impact, 1 mark for explanation linked to change.

(c) Sustainable management strategy: [2]

Riparian buffer zones / reforestation of steep slopes to reduce erosion and filter runoff (1 mark)
Sustainable palm oil certification (RSPO) / zero-burning policy / agroforestry (1 mark)
Marking: 1 mark for strategy, 1 mark for how it reduces impact.

End of Answer Key

Total Marks: 60
Mark allocations per section: A=15, B=20, C=15, D=10