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Secondary 2 English Practice Paper 1

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TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper - English Secondary 2

TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper (AI)

Subject: English Language Level: Secondary 2 Paper: Practice Paper — Comprehension Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes Total Marks: 40 Name: ________________________ Class: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Instructions

Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Where questions ask you to quote words, phrases, or expressions, copy them exactly as they appear in the passage.
Where questions ask for your own words, do not copy full sentences from the passage.
Marks for each question are shown in brackets [ ].
You are advised to spend about 40 minutes on Section A and about 50 minutes on Section B.

Section A: Comprehension (20 marks)

Read the passage below and answer Questions 1–10.

Passage: The Last Expedition

Paragraph 1

The morning mist clung to the valley like a damp shroud as Elias adjusted the straps of his backpack. He had been preparing for this expedition for three years — three years of studying maps, gathering supplies, and convincing the village elders that the old trail to Mount Karan was still passable. His grandfather had made the same journey decades ago, and Elias was determined to follow in his footsteps.

Paragraph 2

The first two hours of the climb were uneventful. The path wound gently through a forest of towering ferns and ancient trees whose roots twisted across the ground like gnarled fingers. Birds called from the canopy above, their songs echoing through the still air. Elias felt a quiet confidence building inside him. Perhaps this journey would be easier than he had feared.

Paragraph 3

By midday, however, the terrain had changed dramatically. The gentle path gave way to a steep, rocky incline littered with loose stones that shifted treacherously underfoot. Elias had to use his hands to scramble over boulders, and his fingers were soon raw and bleeding. The air grew thinner with every step, and a sharp, biting wind cut through his jacket as if it were made of paper.

Paragraph 4

It was at this point that Elias noticed something unusual. Halfway up the rocky slope, partially hidden behind a curtain of moss, was a small wooden marker — a carved post that looked as though it had been placed there a very long time ago. His grandfather's journal had mentioned such a marker: "When you find the carved post, you are halfway to the summit. But beware — the hardest part is yet to come." Elias felt a shiver run down his spine that had nothing to do with the cold.

Paragraph 5

He pressed on, driven by a mixture of determination and curiosity. The sky above had turned a deep, bruised purple, and the first flakes of snow began to fall. Each breath felt like inhaling tiny needles of ice. Elias thought about turning back, but the image of his grandfather's weathered face kept him moving forward. "You don't stop when you're tired," his grandfather used to say. "You stop when you're done."

Paragraph 6

As the snow grew heavier, Elias stumbled into a shallow cave carved into the mountainside. Inside, he found remnants of a previous camp — a rusted tin can, a faded piece of cloth, and scratched into the rock wall, a single word: "PATIENCE." Someone had been here before him, someone who had faced the same brutal conditions. Elias wrapped his arms around himself and decided to wait out the storm.

Paragraph 7

When he woke the next morning, the storm had passed. Sunlight streamed into the cave, illuminating the rock walls with a golden glow. Elias stepped outside and gasped. Before him, the summit of Mount Karan rose majestically against a sky so blue it almost hurt to look at. The world stretched out below in every direction — valleys, rivers, forests — all blanketed in a pristine layer of white snow. For a long moment, Elias simply stood there, overwhelmed by the sheer beauty of it all. Every blister, every aching muscle, every moment of doubt had been worth it.

Paragraph 8

He reached the summit by midday. At the very peak, half-buried in snow, was a small metal box — just as his grandfather had described. Inside was a leather-bound notebook filled with his grandfather's handwriting, dated forty years ago. Elias sat down on the cold rock, opened the notebook, and began to read. The first line read: "If you are reading this, then you have proven that the journey was worth the struggle." Tears welled in Elias's eyes as he realised that this moment had been waiting for him all along.

Question 1 (1 mark)

From Paragraph 1, write down one phrase that shows Elias had spent a long time preparing for the expedition.

Question 2 (2 marks)

From Paragraph 2, pick out two expressions that show the forest was old and well-established.

(a) __________________________________________________________________________

(b) __________________________________________________________________________

Question 3 (1 mark)

In Paragraph 2, the writer says Elias "felt a quiet confidence building inside him." What does this tell you about how Elias felt at this point in the journey?

Question 4 (2 marks)

From Paragraph 3, identify two details that show the climb became dangerous.

(a) __________________________________________________________________________

(b) __________________________________________________________________________

Question 5 (2 marks)

In Paragraph 4, the writer writes: "Elias felt a shiver run down his spine that had nothing to do with the cold."

What does this suggest about Elias's reaction to finding the carved post?

Question 6 (2 marks)

In Paragraph 5, the writer uses the phrase "a mixture of determination and curiosity" to describe what drove Elias forward.

Explain in your own words what each of these motivations means in the context of the passage.

Determination: _______________________________________________________________

Curiosity: __________________________________________________________________

Question 7 (2 marks)

From Paragraph 6, what two pieces of evidence suggest that another climber had been in the cave before Elias?

(a) __________________________________________________________________________

(b) __________________________________________________________________________

Question 8 (2 marks)

In Paragraph 7, the writer describes the view from the mountainside using vivid imagery. Write down two expressions that help the reader visualise the beauty of the scene.

(a) __________________________________________________________________________

(b) __________________________________________________________________________

Question 9 (3 marks)

In Paragraph 8, Elias reads the first line of his grandfather's notebook: "If you are reading this, then you have proven that the journey was worth the struggle."

Why do you think Elias cried when he read this? Explain your answer with reference to the passage.

Question 10 (3 marks)

The title of the passage is "The Last Expedition." Do you think this is a suitable title? Give a reason for your answer, using evidence from the passage.

Section B: Applied Comprehension (20 marks)

Read the passage below and answer Questions 11–20.

Passage: The Girl Who Talked to Machines

Paragraph 1

Priya had always been fascinated by how things worked. While other children her age were content to play with their toys, Priya was the one taking them apart — much to her mother's dismay. By the age of twelve, she had dismantled and reassembled every appliance in the household at least once. Her bedroom floor was a graveyard of circuit boards, wires, and tiny screws that she kept in neatly labelled jars.

Paragraph 2

Her teachers often remarked that Priya was "different." She didn't just accept the facts presented in science class; she questioned everything. "But why does the circuit need to be complete?" she would ask, or "What would happen if we reversed the polarity?" Her science teacher, Mrs Tan, recognised something special in Priya — a relentless desire to understand the underlying principles, not just memorise answers.

Paragraph 3

One afternoon, Priya's school announced a Young Inventors' Competition. The challenge was simple: create a device that could solve a real-world problem. While most students groaned at the thought of extra work, Priya's eyes lit up. She had been waiting for an opportunity like this. She spent the next three weeks barely sleeping, sketching designs, testing prototypes, and refining her ideas in a battered notebook that never left her side.

Paragraph 4

The device she created was a low-cost water filtration system made from recycled materials. It was designed for communities in rural areas where clean drinking water was scarce. The system used layers of sand, gravel, and activated charcoal to remove impurities, and it could be assembled using items found in any hardware store. What made it truly ingenious was a simple indicator light — made from a repurposed LED — that turned from red to green when the water was safe to drink.

Paragraph 5

On the day of the competition, Priya was nervous. Her hands trembled as she set up her display. The other entries looked polished and professional, with glossy posters and slick presentations. Priya's project, by contrast, looked rough and homemade. She could feel the judges' eyes moving past her table with barely a glance. For a moment, she felt a crushing wave of self-doubt.

Paragraph 6

Then something unexpected happened. One of the judges — a visiting engineer from a water treatment company — stopped at Priya's table and asked her to demonstrate the device. Priya explained how it worked, her voice growing steadier with each sentence. The engineer tested the filtered water with a portable kit and confirmed that it met safety standards. A small crowd gathered. Within minutes, Priya's table was the busiest one in the hall.

Paragraph 7

Priya won first prize. But the real reward came two months later, when she received a letter from a non-profit organisation working in rural villages. They had read about her invention in the school newsletter and wanted to implement her design in three communities. Priya read the letter three times, hardly believing what she was seeing. Her creation — born from late nights and a battered notebook — was going to help real people.

Paragraph 8

Looking back, Priya realised that the competition had taught her something important. It wasn't about having the most polished presentation or the most expensive materials. It was about identifying a genuine problem and finding a practical, creative solution. She taped the letter from the non-profit organisation to the inside cover of her notebook, right next to her first sketch of the filtration system. It was a reminder that even the smallest idea, pursued with enough passion, could make a real difference.

Question 11 (1 mark)

From Paragraph 1, write down one word that shows Priya's mother was not happy about her daughter's habit of taking things apart.

Question 12 (2 marks)

From Paragraph 2, identify two questions that Priya asked in science class.

(a) __________________________________________________________________________

(b) __________________________________________________________________________

Question 13 (1 mark)

In Paragraph 2, Mrs Tan recognised "a relentless desire to understand the underlying principles." What does the word "relentless" suggest about Priya's attitude?

Question 14 (2 marks)

From Paragraph 4, name two materials that Priya's water filtration system used to remove impurities from water.

(a) __________________________________________________________________________

(b) __________________________________________________________________________

Question 15 (2 marks)

In Paragraph 4, the writer says the indicator light was "ingenious." Explain in your own words why this feature was clever.

Question 16 (2 marks)

In Paragraph 5, the writer describes Priya's project as looking "rough and homemade" compared to the other entries. How do you think Priya felt when the judges' eyes moved past her table? Use evidence from the paragraph to support your answer.

Question 17 (2 marks)

From Paragraph 6, what two things happened after the engineer tested Priya's device?

(a) __________________________________________________________________________

(b) __________________________________________________________________________

Question 18 (2 marks)

In Paragraph 7, the writer says Priya "read the letter three times, hardly believing what she was seeing." What does this tell you about Priya's reaction?

Question 19 (3 marks)

In Paragraph 8, Priya reflects on what the competition taught her. According to the passage, what were the two key lessons she learned? Explain each lesson in your own words.

Lesson 1: ____________________________________________________________________

Lesson 2: ____________________________________________________________________

Question 20 (3 marks)

Based on the whole passage, what qualities make Priya a successful young inventor? Discuss three qualities, using evidence from the passage to support your answer.

End of Paper

This is Version 1 of 5. This practice paper is AI-generated and is not derived from any official examination paper. It is designed to align with the Secondary 2 English syllabus.

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Answers

TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper — English Secondary 2

Answer Key: Practice Paper — Comprehension (Version 1)

Total Marks: 40

Section A: Comprehension (Questions 1–10)

Question 1 (1 mark)

Answer: "three years of studying maps, gathering supplies, and convincing the village elders"

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for the correct phrase showing long preparation.
Accept any phrase from Paragraph 1 that clearly indicates extended preparation time (e.g., "three years" alone is too short; the student should quote a phrase showing the duration or extent of preparation).
Do not accept single words.

Common Mistakes:

Quoting only "three years" — this is too brief and does not show what Elias did to prepare.
Quoting from the wrong paragraph.

Question 2 (2 marks)

Answer: (a) "ancient trees" (b) "roots twisted across the ground like gnarled fingers"

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for each correct expression, up to 2 marks.
Both answers must come from Paragraph 2.
Accept alternative valid expressions from Paragraph 2 that convey age/established nature (e.g., "towering ferns" is acceptable if the student can justify it, but "ancient trees" and the simile about roots are the strongest answers).

Common Mistakes:

Quoting single words (e.g., "ancient" alone) instead of full expressions — award 0 for that part.
Selecting expressions from the wrong paragraph.

Question 3 (1 mark)

Answer: It tells us that Elias felt increasingly confident / optimistic / reassured as he made progress through the forest. He was beginning to believe the journey might not be as difficult as he had expected.

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for a clear explanation that Elias felt growing confidence or optimism.
The answer should reflect a positive emotional state linked to the early, easy part of the climb.

Common Mistakes:

Simply quoting "quiet confidence" without explaining what it means — this does not demonstrate understanding.
Saying he was "happy" without connecting it to the context of the climb.

Question 4 (2 marks)

Answer: (a) "loose stones that shifted treacherously underfoot" (b) "his fingers were soon raw and bleeding"

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for each correct detail, up to 2 marks.
Both answers must come from Paragraph 3.
Accept alternative valid details showing danger (e.g., "a steep, rocky incline," "a sharp, biting wind cut through his jacket").

Common Mistakes:

Quoting vague details that do not specifically convey danger.
Selecting details from Paragraph 2 instead of Paragraph 3.

Question 5 (2 marks)

Answer: The phrase "a shiver run down his spine that had nothing to do with the cold" suggests that Elias felt a sudden sense of fear, unease, or nervousness when he found the carved post. The post was a reminder that his grandfather had been there before him, and it also signalled that the most difficult part of the climb was still ahead. The shiver shows he was emotionally affected — perhaps feeling a mix of awe, apprehension, and the weight of what was to come.

Marking Notes:

Award 2 marks for a well-developed answer that identifies the emotional response (fear/unease/nervousness/apprehension) AND explains the reason (the carved post signalled the harder part ahead / connection to his grandfather's journey).
Award 1 mark for identifying the emotion without sufficient explanation, or for an explanation that lacks reference to the passage.
The key teaching point: when a writer says a physical reaction "had nothing to do" with the obvious cause (cold), the reader should look for an emotional or psychological cause.

Common Mistakes:

Saying Elias was cold — the passage explicitly states the shiver "had nothing to do with the cold."
Simply quoting the phrase without explaining its meaning.

Question 6 (2 marks)

Answer: Determination: Elias had a strong resolve and willpower to keep going despite the difficult conditions. He was committed to reaching the summit and would not give up easily.

Curiosity: Elias was eager to find out what lay ahead — he wanted to discover the summit, the metal box, and his grandfather's notebook. His desire to know what would happen next pushed him forward.

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for each term explained correctly in context.
The explanations must be in the student's own words (not copied from the passage).
"Determination" should convey persistence, resolve, or refusal to quit.
"Curiosity" should convey a desire to know, discover, or find out.

Common Mistakes:

Copying phrases from the passage instead of using own words.
Giving dictionary definitions without connecting them to the context of the passage.

Question 7 (2 marks)

Answer: (a) "a rusted tin can" (and/or "a faded piece of cloth") (b) "scratched into the rock wall, a single word: 'PATIENCE'"

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for each correct piece of evidence, up to 2 marks.
Both answers must come from Paragraph 6.
Accept either "a rusted tin can" or "a faded piece of cloth" for part (a), and the scratched word for part (b).

Common Mistakes:

Inventing details not found in the passage.
Quoting from the wrong paragraph.

Question 8 (2 marks)

Answer: (a) "the summit of Mount Karan rose majestically against a sky so blue it almost hurt to look at" (b) "blanketed in a pristine layer of white snow"

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for each correct expression, up to 2 marks.
Both answers must come from Paragraph 7.
Accept alternative valid expressions from Paragraph 7 that convey visual beauty (e.g., "Sunlight streamed into the cave, illuminating the rock walls with a golden glow," "The world stretched out below in every direction").

Common Mistakes:

Quoting single words instead of full expressions.
Selecting expressions from Paragraph 6 or 8 instead of Paragraph 7.

Question 9 (3 marks)

Answer: Elias cried because the first line of his grandfather's notebook — "If you are reading this, then you have proven that the journey was worth the struggle" — showed that his grandfather had anticipated this exact moment. Elias had endured great hardship during the climb: bleeding fingers, biting wind, a snowstorm, and moments of self-doubt. Reading those words made him realise that his grandfather understood the difficulty of the journey and had left the notebook specifically for someone like Elias to find. The tears were a mixture of relief, pride, emotional connection to his grandfather, and the overwhelming sense that all his suffering had meaning and purpose.

Marking Notes:

Award 3 marks for a comprehensive answer that: (a) identifies the emotional impact of the notebook's message, (b) references specific hardships Elias endured during the climb, and (c) explains the connection between Elias and his grandfather.
Award 2 marks for an answer that covers two of the three elements above.
Award 1 mark for a basic answer that identifies only one element (e.g., "He was sad because he missed his grandfather").
Award 0 for answers with no reference to the passage.

Common Mistakes:

Giving a generic answer like "He was emotional" without explaining why.
Not referencing specific evidence from the passage (the hardships, the grandfather's message).

Question 10 (3 marks)

Answer: Yes, "The Last Expedition" is a suitable title. The word "last" suggests finality — this could be the final journey up Mount Karan, either because it is the end of Elias's personal quest to follow his grandfather's path, or because it marks the completion of a long-held dream. The passage ends with Elias finding his grandfather's notebook, which gives a sense of closure. Alternatively, "last" could imply that this was the final expedition the grandfather ever made, and Elias has now completed what his grandfather started. The title is effective because it creates intrigue — the reader wants to know why it is the "last" expedition — and it captures the significance of the journey.

Marking Notes:

Award 3 marks for a well-reasoned answer that: (a) states whether the title is suitable, (b) explains the significance of the word "last" with reference to the passage, and (c) discusses the effect of the title on the reader.
Award 2 marks for an answer that covers two of the three elements.
Award 1 mark for a basic opinion with limited or no supporting evidence.
Accept "No" as an answer if the student provides a well-justified reason (e.g., arguing the title is misleading because it might not actually be the last expedition).

Common Mistakes:

Simply stating "Yes, it is suitable" without giving any reason.
Discussing the passage content without linking it back to the title.

Section B: Applied Comprehension (Questions 11–20)

Question 11 (1 mark)

Answer: "dismay"

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for the correct word "dismay."
The word "dismay" means distress or alarm, showing Priya's mother was unhappy or worried about her daughter's habit.

Common Mistakes:

Quoting "graveyard" — while this word has negative connotations, it describes the bedroom floor, not the mother's feelings.
Quoting a phrase instead of the single word requested.

Question 12 (2 marks)

Answer: (a) "But why does the circuit need to be complete?" (b) "What would happen if we reversed the polarity?"

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for each correct question, up to 2 marks.
Both answers must be direct quotes from Paragraph 2.
The questions must be copied exactly as written, including the question mark.

Common Mistakes:

Paraphrasing the questions instead of quoting them directly.
Quoting only part of a question.

Question 13 (1 mark)

Answer: The word "relentless" suggests that Priya's desire to understand was constant, unstoppable, and persistent. She never gave up asking questions or trying to figure things out — her curiosity was tireless and determined.

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for explaining that "relentless" means persistent, unstoppable, or never-ending.
The answer should connect to Priya's attitude of constantly questioning and investigating.

Common Mistakes:

Giving a dictionary definition without connecting it to Priya's character.
Saying "relentless" means "strong" — while not entirely wrong, this is too vague for full credit.

Question 14 (2 marks)

Answer: (a) sand (b) gravel / activated charcoal

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for each correct material, up to 2 marks.
Accept any two of: sand, gravel, activated charcoal.
Answers must come from Paragraph 4.

Common Mistakes:

Including "recycled materials" — this is too general; the question asks for specific materials used to remove impurities.
Listing "LED" — this is part of the indicator light, not the filtration materials.

Question 15 (2 marks)

Answer: The indicator light was ingenious because it provided a simple, visual way for users to know when the water was safe to drink. Instead of needing special equipment or training to test the water, anyone could look at the light: red meant unsafe, green meant safe. This was especially clever because it made the device accessible to people in rural areas who might not have scientific knowledge or testing tools. Additionally, the light was made from a repurposed LED, meaning it was low-cost and easy to source.

Marking Notes:

Award 2 marks for a clear explanation that covers: (a) the light provided an easy visual signal, and (b) it made the device accessible/low-cost/practical.
Award 1 mark for an explanation that covers only one of these points.
Answers must be in the student's own words.

Common Mistakes:

Simply restating that the light "turned from red to green" without explaining why this was clever.
Not connecting the feature to the target users (rural communities).

Question 16 (2 marks)

Answer: Priya felt self-doubt and discouragement when the judges overlooked her table. The passage states she felt "a crushing wave of self-doubt," which suggests she began to question whether her project was good enough. The word "crushing" indicates this feeling was intense and overwhelming. She likely felt embarrassed or inadequate compared to the other students whose entries looked "polished and homemade."

Marking Notes:

Award 2 marks for an answer that: (a) identifies Priya's feelings (self-doubt, discouragement, embarrassment), and (b) uses evidence from Paragraph 5 (e.g., "crushing wave of self-doubt," comparison with other entries).
Award 1 mark for identifying the emotion without supporting evidence.
Award 0 for answers with no reference to the passage.

Common Mistakes:

Saying Priya was "angry" at the judges — the passage does not support this.
Not quoting or referencing the phrase "crushing wave of self-doubt."

Question 17 (2 marks)

Answer: (a) The engineer confirmed that the filtered water met safety standards. (b) A small crowd gathered at Priya's table. / Priya's table became the busiest one in the hall.

Marking Notes:

Award 1 mark for each correct event, up to 2 marks.
Both answers must come from Paragraph 6.
Accept either "a small crowd gathered" or "Priya's table was the busiest one in the hall" for part (b).

Common Mistakes:

Describing events from Paragraph 7 (the letter from the non-profit) instead of Paragraph 6.
Vague answers like "the judges were impressed" without specific details.

Question 18 (2 marks)

Answer: The fact that Priya read the letter three times and "hardly believed" what she saw tells us that she was shocked, amazed, and overwhelmed with joy. She had not expected her invention to have a real-world impact, and the reality of the situation took time to sink in. Reading the letter multiple times shows she needed to confirm it was real — it was almost too good to be true.

Marking Notes:

Award 2 marks for an answer that identifies the emotions (shock, amazement, disbelief, joy) AND explains why she reacted this way (the impact was unexpected and significant).
Award 1 mark for identifying emotions without explanation.
Award 0 for generic answers like "She was happy."

Common Mistakes:

Saying she read it three times because she couldn't read well — this misinterprets the passage.
Not explaining the significance of the letter (that her invention would help real communities).

Question 19 (3 marks)

Answer: Lesson 1: It is not about having the most polished or professional-looking presentation. Priya's project looked "rough and homemade" compared to others, yet it won because the substance of the idea mattered more than appearances.

Lesson 2: It is about identifying a real, genuine problem and finding a practical, creative solution. Priya focused on solving the real-world issue of clean water access in rural communities, and her practical approach (using recycled materials, a simple indicator) made her invention effective and impactful.

Marking Notes:

Award 3 marks for clearly explaining both lessons with reference to the passage.
Award 2 marks for explaining both lessons but with limited reference to the passage, or for explaining one lesson well and the other poorly.
Award 1 mark for identifying only one lesson.
Answers should be in the student's own words.

Common Mistakes:

Copying the exact sentence from Paragraph 8 without explaining what it mean in context.
Giving lessons not supported by the passage (e.g., "She learned to work in teams").

Question 20 (3 marks)

Answer: Three qualities that make Priya a successful young inventor are:

1. Curiosity and a desire to understand how things worked: From a young age, Priya was fascinated by how things functioned. She took apart appliances and constantly asked questions in science class, such as "Why does the circuit need to be complete?" This deep curiosity drove her to explore and innovate.

2. Persistence and dedication: Priya spent three weeks working on her invention, "barely sleeping," sketching designs and testing prototypes. Even when she felt self-doubt at the competition, she continued to demonstrate her device confidently. Her persistence paid off when her invention was recognised.

3. Creativity and practical thinking: Priya's water filtration system was made from recycled materials and included a simple yet ingenious indicator light. She designed it specifically for communities in rural areas where resources were limited, showing she could think creatively about real-world problems and come up with practical, accessible solutions.

Marking Notes:

Award 3 marks for discussing three qualities, each supported by specific evidence from the passage.
Award 2 marks for discussing two qualities with evidence, or three qualities with weak evidence.
Award 1 mark for discussing one quality with evidence, or three qualities without evidence.
Accept other valid qualities if well-supported (e.g., "courage to be different," "ability to identify real-world problems").

Common Mistakes:

Listing qualities without supporting evidence from the passage.
Discussing qualities not shown in the passage (e.g., "She was good at sports").
Being too vague (e.g., "She was smart" without explaining how this helped her invent).

End of Answer Key

Marking Guidance for Teachers:

For 1-mark questions, award the mark for a clear, correct response.
For 2-mark questions, award 1 mark for a partially correct response and 2 marks for a complete, well-supported response.
For 3-mark questions, use the tiered marking scheme described in each question. Award partial credit where the student demonstrates some understanding.
Always check that quoted answers are from the correct paragraph and are complete phrases (not single words, unless the question asks for a word).
For "in your own words" questions, do not award marks if the student copies full sentences from the passage.