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Secondary 1 Geography Human Geography Quiz
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Questions
Secondary 1 Geography Quiz - Human Geography
Name: ___________________________
Class: ___________________________
Date: ___________________________
Score: ______ / 60
Duration: 60 minutes
Total Marks: 60
Instructions:
- Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
- Write your answers clearly in pen.
- For questions requiring grid references, state the 4-figure or 6-figure grid reference as specified.
- The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
- The total number of marks for this quiz is 60.
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)
Choose the correct answer and write the letter (A, B, C, or D) in the box provided.
1. Which of the following best describes a push factor for rural-to-urban migration? [1]
☐ A. Better healthcare facilities in the city
☐ B. Limited job opportunities in the countryside
☐ C. Higher wages in urban areas
☐ D. More entertainment options in the city
2. The process where an increasing percentage of a country's population lives in urban areas is called: [1]
☐ A. Suburbanisation
☐ B. Counter-urbanisation
☐ C. Urbanisation
☐ D. Re-urbanisation
3. Which land use zone in the Burgess Concentric Zone Model is characterised by high-density, low-income housing near the city centre? [1]
☐ A. Central Business District (CBD)
☐ B. Zone of Transition
☐ C. Low-Class Residential Zone
☐ D. Commuter Zone
4. A megacity is defined as a city with a population of: [1]
☐ A. Over 1 million
☐ B. Over 5 million
☐ C. Over 10 million
☐ D. Over 20 million
5. Which of the following is a social challenge commonly faced by rapidly growing cities in developing countries? [1]
☐ A. Traffic congestion
☐ B. Air pollution
☐ C. Growth of slums and informal settlements
☐ D. Loss of agricultural land
6. The Hoyt Sector Model differs from the Burgess Concentric Zone Model by emphasising the role of: [1]
☐ A. Transport routes in shaping land use sectors
☐ B. Distance from the CBD in determining land values
☐ C. Historical development of the city centre
☐ D. Government planning policies
7. Counter-urbanisation refers to: [1]
☐ A. Movement of people from rural areas to cities
☐ B. Movement of people from city centres to suburbs
☐ C. Movement of people from urban areas to rural areas
☐ D. Movement of people back into regenerated city centres
8. Which of the following is an economic benefit of urbanisation? [1]
☐ A. Increased air pollution
☐ B. Growth of informal settlements
☐ C. Agglomeration economies and innovation
☐ D. Loss of biodiversity
9. The bid-rent theory explains: [1]
☐ A. How land values decrease with distance from the CBD
☐ B. Why different land users compete for accessible locations
☐ C. The process of suburbanisation
☐ D. The formation of megacities
10. Smart growth urban planning policies aim to: [1]
☐ A. Encourage unlimited urban sprawl
☐ B. Promote compact, walkable, transit-oriented development
☐ C. Prioritise highway expansion over public transport
☐ D. Convert all greenfield sites to housing
Section B: Structured Questions (25 marks)
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
11. Study Figure 1, which shows the percentage of urban population in selected regions from 1950 to 2050 (projected).
<image_placeholder> id: Q11-fig1 type: graph linked_question: Q11 description: Line graph showing percentage of urban population for World, Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and North America from 1950 to 2050. X-axis: Year (1950, 1970, 1990, 2010, 2030, 2050). Y-axis: Percentage urban (0% to 100%). All lines show upward trends. Latin America and North America start highest (~40-60% in 1950). Africa and Asia start lowest (~15% in 1950) but show steepest increases. By 2050, Latin America ~90%, North America ~90%, Europe ~85%, World ~68%, Asia ~65%, Africa ~60%. labels: Year (x-axis), Percentage Urban Population (y-axis), Legend: World, Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America values: 1950: World 30%, Africa 15%, Asia 17%, Europe 52%, Latin America 42%, North America 64%; 2050 projected: World 68%, Africa 60%, Asia 65%, Europe 85%, Latin America 90%, North America 90% must_show: Upward trend lines for all regions, clear divergence between developed and developing regions, data points at 20-year intervals </image_placeholder>
(a) State the percentage of urban population in Asia in the year 2010. [1]
(b) Calculate the increase in percentage of urban population for Africa between 1950 and 2050 (projected). [1]
(c) Describe the trend in urbanisation for Latin America compared to Africa from 1950 to 2050. [2]
(d) Suggest one reason why the rate of urbanisation in Asia has been faster than in Europe since 1950. [2]
12. Figure 2 shows a simplified land use model of a city.
<image_placeholder> id: Q12-fig2 type: diagram linked_question: Q12 description: Concentric zone model diagram with 5 labelled zones radiating from centre: A (centre), B, C, D, E (outermost). Zone A: CBD. Zone B: Zone of Transition (mixed industry/low-income housing). Zone C: Low-Class Residential. Zone D: Middle-Class Residential. Zone E: High-Class Residential / Commuter Zone. Arrows show direction of city growth outward. labels: Zone A, Zone B, Zone C, Zone D, Zone E, Direction of growth arrow values: None must_show: Five concentric rings, clear labels for each zone, arrow indicating outward growth </image_placeholder>
(a) Identify the land use zone labelled B. [1]
(b) State two characteristics of the land use in Zone B. [2]
(c) Explain why high-class residential areas (Zone E) are located furthest from the city centre in this model. [3]
13. Read the following extract about urbanisation in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Jakarta is one of the fastest-growing megacities in Southeast Asia. The population of the Greater Jakarta area (Jabodetabek) exceeds 30 million. Rapid urbanisation has led to severe traffic congestion, with commuters spending an average of 2 hours per day in traffic. Flooding is a recurring problem due to excessive groundwater extraction causing land subsidence, combined with inadequate drainage and loss of green spaces. Informal settlements (kampungs) house millions of low-income residents who lack access to proper sanitation and clean water. The Indonesian government has announced plans to move the capital city to Nusantara in East Kalimantan to alleviate pressure on Jakarta.
(a) State one pull factor that attracts migrants to Jakarta, based on the extract. [1]
(b) Using evidence from the extract, explain two environmental challenges faced by Jakarta due to rapid urbanisation. [4]
(c) Suggest one strategy the government could implement to reduce traffic congestion in Jakarta, other than moving the capital. [2]
14. Figure 3 shows the Hoyt Sector Model of urban land use.
<image_placeholder> id: Q14-fig3 type: diagram linked_question: Q14 description: Hoyt Sector Model diagram showing CBD at centre with sectors radiating outward: High-class residential sector extending along a transport route; Low-class residential sector near industry; Middle-class residential sector; Industrial sector along transport corridor (rail/river). Sectors are wedge-shaped, not concentric rings. labels: CBD, High-class residential sector, Middle-class residential sector, Low-class residential sector, Industrial sector, Transport routes values: None must_show: Wedge-shaped sectors radiating from CBD, transport routes influencing sector location, clear labels </image_placeholder>
(a) Identify one key difference between the Hoyt Sector Model and the Burgess Concentric Zone Model. [1]
(b) In the Hoyt model, industry is located in a sector along transport routes. Explain why industry locates there. [2]
(c) Suggest one limitation of using the Hoyt Sector Model to understand land use in a modern Southeast Asian city like Singapore. [2]
15. Table 1 shows the population and percentage of urban population for four Southeast Asian countries in 2020.
| Country | Total Population (millions) | Urban Population (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Singapore | 5.7 | 100% |
| Malaysia | 32.4 | 77% |
| Indonesia | 273.5 | 56% |
| Cambodia | 16.7 | 24% |
(a) Calculate the urban population of Malaysia in 2020. Give your answer in millions, correct to one decimal place. [2]
(b) Compare the level of urbanisation between Singapore and Cambodia. Use data from Table 1 to support your answer. [2]
(c) Explain why countries like Cambodia have a lower percentage of urban population compared to Singapore. [3]
Section C: Data Response and Extended Writing (15 marks)
16. Figure 4 shows the stages of the Urbanisation Cycle (urbanisation → suburbanisation → counter-urbanisation → re-urbanisation).
<image_placeholder> id: Q16-fig4 type: diagram linked_question: Q16 description: Circular diagram showing four stages of urbanisation cycle with arrows: 1. Urbanisation (rural to urban migration, city growth). 2. Suburbanisation (movement to suburbs, urban sprawl). 3. Counter-urbanisation (movement to rural areas/small towns). 4. Re-urbanisation (regeneration, movement back to city centre). Labels show typical characteristics of each stage. labels: Urbanisation, Suburbanisation, Counter-urbanisation, Re-urbanisation, arrows showing cycle values: None must_show: Four-stage cycle, directional arrows, key characteristics for each stage </image_placeholder>
(a) Identify the stage labelled X where people move from urban areas to rural areas. [1]
(b) Describe one characteristic of the suburbanisation stage. [1]
(c) Explain why re-urbanisation occurs in many developed cities. [3]
17. Study Figure 5, which shows a population pyramid for a rapidly urbanising developing country.
<image_placeholder> id: Q17-fig5 type: graph linked_question: Q17 description: Population pyramid with wide base (high birth rate), tapering quickly (high death rate / low life expectancy), bulge in 15-35 age groups (working-age migrants), narrow top (few elderly). X-axis: Percentage of population (male left, female right). Y-axis: Age groups (0-4, 5-9, ..., 80+). labels: Age groups (y-axis), Percentage (x-axis), Male/Female, annotations: 'Wide base - high birth rate', 'Bulge 15-35 - rural-urban migrants', 'Narrow top - low life expectancy' values: None must_show: Classic expanding pyramid shape with working-age bulge, clear labels </image_placeholder>
(a) Describe the shape of the population pyramid shown in Figure 5. [2]
(b) Explain how rural-to-urban migration contributes to the bulge in the 15–35 age groups. [3]
18. "Urbanisation brings more benefits than problems for a country."
Do you agree? Explain your answer using examples from countries you have studied. [8]
Section D: Geographical Skills and Application (10 marks)
19. A student is conducting a geographical investigation on traffic congestion in their neighbourhood.
(a) State one suitable hypothesis for this investigation. [1]
(b) Identify two primary data collection methods the student could use. [2]
(c) Describe one way the student could present the data collected on traffic flow at different times of the day. [2]
20. Figure 6 shows a GIS map of a city with layers for: residential areas, industrial zones, major roads, MRT lines, and flood-prone areas.
<image_placeholder> id: Q20-fig6 type: map linked_question: Q20 description: GIS map screenshot showing multiple toggleable layers: Residential (yellow), Industrial (purple), Major Roads (red lines), MRT Lines (blue lines), Flood-prone Areas (light blue shading). Legend shows layer colours. Scale bar: 0-5 km. North arrow. labels: Layer toggles, Legend, Scale, North Arrow, Map extent values: None must_show: Multiple data layers, legend, scale, north arrow, toggle interface </image_placeholder>
(a) State one advantage of using GIS over a paper map for urban planning. [1]
(b) A planner wants to identify residential areas at risk of flooding. Explain how GIS can be used to do this. [3]
(c) Suggest one limitation of relying on GIS for urban planning decisions. [2]
End of Quiz
Answers
Secondary 1 Geography Quiz - Human Geography (Answer Key)
Total Marks: 60
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)
1. B — Limited job opportunities in the countryside
Explanation: Push factors are negative conditions that drive people away from rural areas. Limited job opportunities, poor healthcare, and lack of services in rural areas are push factors. Options A, C, and D are pull factors (positive attractions of the city).
2. C — Urbanisation
Explanation: Urbanisation is the process where an increasing proportion of a country's population lives in urban areas. Suburbanisation is movement from city centre to suburbs; counter-urbanisation is movement from urban to rural areas; re-urbanisation is movement back into city centres.
3. B — Zone of Transition
Explanation: In the Burgess Concentric Zone Model, the Zone of Transition (Zone B) surrounds the CBD and contains mixed land uses — old industry, low-income housing, and slums. The CBD (A) is the commercial centre. Low-Class Residential (C) is further out. Commuter Zone (E) is the outermost zone.
4. C — Over 10 million
Explanation: A megacity is defined by the UN as a city with a population of over 10 million. Cities with 1–5 million are large cities; 5–10 million are very large cities.
5. C — Growth of slums and informal settlements
Explanation: This is a social challenge (affecting people's living conditions and quality of life). Traffic congestion (A) is an economic/transport challenge. Air pollution (B) is an environmental challenge. Loss of agricultural land (D) is an environmental/land use challenge.
6. A — Transport routes in shaping land use sectors
Explanation: The Hoyt Sector Model (1939) proposed that cities grow in wedge-shaped sectors along transport routes (roads, railways, rivers), rather than in concentric rings. Transport corridors determine where industry and residential sectors develop.
7. C — Movement of people from urban areas to rural areas
Explanation: Counter-urbanisation is the net movement of population from urban areas to rural areas or small towns. Suburbanisation (B) is movement to suburbs; re-urbanisation (D) is movement back into regenerated city centres.
8. C — Agglomeration economies and innovation
Explanation: Agglomeration economies (cost savings from clustering of firms, labour pooling, knowledge spillovers) and innovation are key economic benefits of urbanisation. Options A, B, and D are problems/challenges.
9. B — Why different land users compete for accessible locations
Explanation: Bid-rent theory explains how different land users (retail, office, residential, industry) compete for land based on their ability to pay for accessibility. Land values decrease with distance (A) is a pattern, but the theory explains the competition for location.
10. B — Promote compact, walkable, transit-oriented development
Explanation: Smart growth principles include compact development, mixed land use, walkability, transit-oriented development, and preserving open space. It opposes urban sprawl (A) and highway-dependent development (C).
Section B: Structured Questions (25 marks)
11. (a) ~50% (accept 48–52%)
Marking: 1 mark for correct reading from graph. In 2010, Asia's urban population percentage is approximately halfway between 1990 (~35%) and 2030 (~65%), so ~50%.
(b) 45 percentage points (60% – 15% = 45%)
Marking: 1 mark for correct calculation. Africa: 15% in 1950 → 60% in 2050 (projected). Increase = 60 – 15 = 45 percentage points.
Common error: Writing "45%" instead of "45 percentage points" — the unit matters.
(c) Latin America started at a higher level of urbanisation (~42% in 1950) and reached a very high level (~90% by 2050), showing a steady but slowing increase. Africa started at a much lower level (~15% in 1950) but shows a steeper, more rapid increase, projected to reach ~60% by 2050.
Marking: 2 marks — 1 mark for describing Latin America's trend (high start, high end, slowing), 1 mark for describing Africa's trend (low start, rapid rise). Must compare both.
(d) Asia has experienced rapid industrialisation and economic growth since 1950, creating many manufacturing and service jobs in cities that attract rural migrants. Europe was already highly urbanised by 1950 (over 50%), so its urbanisation rate has slowed as it approaches saturation (~85%).
Marking: 2 marks — 1 mark for Asia's rapid industrialisation/job creation, 1 mark for Europe's already high urbanisation/saturation.
Key concept: Urbanisation curve — developing regions urbanise rapidly; developed regions slow down.
12. (a) Zone of Transition (or "Transition Zone")
Marking: 1 mark for correct identification.
(b) Any two of:
- Mixed land use (industry, warehouses, low-income housing)
- Old, deteriorating buildings
- High population density
- Presence of slums / informal settlements
- Located adjacent to the CBD
Marking: 1 mark each, max 2 marks.
(c) High-class residential areas are furthest from the city centre because:
- Land values are lower further from the CBD, allowing larger plots of land for spacious housing (bungalows, gardens).
- Wealthier residents can afford the higher transport costs and longer commute times to the CBD for work.
- The environment is quieter, less polluted, and has more green space, which is desirable for high-income families.
Marking: 3 marks — 1 mark each for: lower land cost/larger plots, affordability of commute, better environment.
Concept: Bid-rent theory — different land users compete for accessibility; wealthy residents bid for space/environment over accessibility.
13. (a) Job opportunities / employment (implied by "fastest-growing megacity" attracting migrants)
Accept: Better job prospects, economic opportunities, higher wages.
Marking: 1 mark. Must be inferred as a pull factor.
(b) Environmental Challenge 1: Flooding and land subsidence
- Evidence: "excessive groundwater extraction causing land subsidence, combined with inadequate drainage and loss of green spaces"
- Explanation: Over-pumping of groundwater causes the ground to sink (subsidence), making the city more prone to flooding, especially with poor drainage and reduced infiltration from loss of green cover.
Environmental Challenge 2: Air pollution (implied by "severe traffic congestion")
- Evidence: "commuters spending an average of 2 hours per day in traffic"
- Explanation: High vehicle volume from congestion leads to increased emissions of pollutants (CO₂, NOₓ, particulates), degrading air quality.
Alternative: Loss of green spaces / environmental degradation from urban expansion.
Marking: 4 marks — 2 marks per challenge (1 for evidence from extract, 1 for explanation). Must use extract evidence.
(c) Strategy: Develop an efficient, integrated public transport system (e.g., MRT, LRT, BRT) with affordable fares and good coverage.
Explanation: This provides a reliable alternative to private cars, reducing the number of vehicles on roads. Integration (seamless transfers) and affordability encourage mode shift from cars to public transport.
Alternative: Implement congestion pricing / ERP in city centre; promote cycling/walking infrastructure; stagger work/school hours.
Marking: 2 marks — 1 mark for valid strategy, 1 mark for explanation of how it reduces congestion.
14. (a) Hoyt model uses wedge-shaped sectors radiating from the CBD along transport routes, while Burgess model uses concentric rings.
Marking: 1 mark for clear difference (sectors vs rings, role of transport routes).
(b) Industry locates along transport routes because:
- Lower transport costs for raw materials and finished goods (proximity to rail, river, highway).
- Accessibility for workers and ease of distribution to markets.
Marking: 2 marks — 1 mark each for transport cost reduction and accessibility/distribution.
(c) Limitation: The Hoyt model was developed for Western industrial cities and assumes a single CBD and clear sectoral divisions. Singapore is a city-state with multiple commercial centres (polycentric), intensive land use planning by government (URA Master Plan), high-density public housing (HDB) across the island, and limited land requiring mixed-use development — not fitting simple sectoral patterns.
Marking: 2 marks — 1 mark for identifying model's Western/industrial city origin, 1 mark for applying to Singapore's context (polycentric, planned, land scarcity).
15. (a) 24.9 million
Working:
Urban population = Total population × Urban percentage
= 32.4 million × 77%
= 32.4 × 0.77
= 24.948 million
≈ 24.9 million (to 1 decimal place)
Marking: 2 marks — 1 mark for correct method (32.4 × 0.77), 1 mark for correct answer to 1 d.p.
Common error: Forgetting to convert % to decimal; rounding to 25.0 instead of 24.9.
(b) Singapore is fully urbanised (100% urban population), while Cambodia has a low level of urbanisation (only 24% urban). Singapore's urban population is 5.7 million (all urban), whereas Cambodia's urban population is only about 4.0 million (24% of 16.7 million), despite Cambodia having a larger total population.
Marking: 2 marks — 1 mark for stating Singapore 100% vs Cambodia 24%, 1 mark for using data (total/urban population comparison).
(c) Cambodia is a less developed country with an economy still heavily based on agriculture (rice farming), so a large proportion of the population lives in rural areas to work on farms. Singapore is a highly developed city-state with limited land, no agricultural hinterland, and an economy based on industry and services concentrated in urban areas. Historical factors: Cambodia's urbanisation was disrupted by conflict (Khmer Rouge), while Singapore's development was driven by rapid industrialisation from the 1960s.
Marking: 3 marks — 1 mark for Cambodia's agricultural economy/rural livelihood, 1 mark for Singapore's city-state/developed status, 1 mark for historical/contextual factor or clear contrast.
Section C: Data Response and Extended Writing (15 marks)
16. (a) Counter-urbanisation
Marking: 1 mark for correct identification.
(b) Movement of people from city centres to suburbs, leading to urban sprawl and growth of commuter towns.
Accept: Decentralisation of population and services; growth of low-density residential areas on urban fringe.
Marking: 1 mark for valid characteristic.
(c) Re-urbanisation occurs because:
- Government-led regeneration of declining inner-city areas (e.g., Singapore's URA Master Plan, London Docklands) improves housing, amenities, and environment.
- Changing lifestyle preferences — young professionals and retirees value accessibility, cultural amenities, and shorter commutes in city centres.
- Economic shift to knowledge/services concentrates high-value jobs in central areas, attracting skilled workers to live nearby.
Marking: 3 marks — 1 mark each for regeneration policy, lifestyle preferences, economic shift.
17. (a) The pyramid has a wide base (high birth rate), tapering sides (high death rate / low life expectancy), a distinct bulge in the 15–35 age groups (working-age population), and a narrow top (few elderly).
Marking: 2 marks — 1 mark for wide base/tapering (expanding pyramid), 1 mark for working-age bulge.
(b) Rural-to-urban migration contributes to the bulge because:
- Migrants are typically young adults (15–35) seeking employment in urban industries/services.
- Large numbers of such migrants move to cities, swelling the working-age cohorts in urban areas.
- This creates a demographic bulge in the pyramid for urban areas, while rural areas may show a corresponding deficit in these age groups.
Marking: 3 marks — 1 mark for migrant age profile, 1 mark for large numbers swelling cohorts, 1 mark for urban vs rural contrast.
18. Level-marked response (8 marks)
Level 1 (1–2 marks): Simple agreement/disagreement with limited support. Generic statements (e.g., "Yes, cities have jobs but also pollution"). No specific examples.
Level 2 (3–5 marks): Balanced answer with some development. Mentions benefits (jobs, services, innovation) and problems (congestion, pollution, inequality). Includes at least one named example (e.g., Singapore, Jakarta) but explanation may be uneven.
Level 3 (6–8 marks): Well-structured, balanced evaluation with detailed examples.
- Benefits: Economic growth (agglomeration economies), better access to healthcare/education, innovation hubs, economies of scale in infrastructure. Example: Singapore's transformation from port city to global hub — high GDP per capita, world-class infrastructure, efficient public housing.
- Problems: Traffic congestion, air/water pollution, housing shortages/slums, social inequality, environmental degradation, pressure on resources. Example: Jakarta — flooding, subsidence, congestion, kampungs; or Manila — slums, flooding.
- Synthesis: Net benefit depends on governance, planning, and stage of development. Well-managed urbanisation (Singapore, Seoul) maximises benefits; rapid unplanned urbanisation (Jakarta, Lagos) exacerbates problems. Sustainable urban planning (compact cities, public transport, green spaces) is key.
Marking: 8 marks — Level 3 requires explicit weighing of benefits vs problems, specific place-based evidence, and a reasoned conclusion.
Section D: Geographical Skills and Application (10 marks)
19. (a) Hypothesis: "Traffic congestion is most severe during morning peak hours (7–9 am) on Main Road near the school."
Accept: Any testable, specific statement linking time/location to congestion level.
Marking: 1 mark for valid, testable hypothesis.
(b) Two primary data collection methods:
- Traffic count — tally vehicles by type at set intervals (e.g., 15 mins) at selected junctions.
- Questionnaire/survey — ask commuters/residents about travel modes, journey times, congestion perceptions.
Alternative: Pedestrian count; environmental quality survey; interview with local traffic officer.
Marking: 1 mark each, max 2 marks. Must be primary (fieldwork) methods.
(c) Presentation method: Compound bar graph or line graph showing traffic flow (vehicles/hour) by vehicle type at different times of day (e.g., 7 am, 10 am, 1 pm, 4 pm, 7 pm).
Alternative: Proportional circles on a map; located bar graphs; annotated photographs with data overlays.
Marking: 2 marks — 1 mark for appropriate graph type, 1 mark for correct variables (time vs flow, with vehicle types).
20. (a) GIS allows overlaying and analysing multiple data layers (e.g., residential + flood risk) to identify patterns and relationships not visible on a single paper map.
Accept: Dynamic querying, spatial analysis, easy updating, modelling scenarios.
Marking: 1 mark for valid advantage (overlay/analysis focus).
(b) Steps to identify residential areas at flood risk using GIS:
- Load/activate the residential areas layer (polygons) and flood-prone areas layer (polygons).
- Use the 'Intersect' or 'Overlay' tool to find where residential polygons overlap with flood-prone polygons.
- Query/Select the overlapping areas — these are residential zones at risk.
- Calculate statistics (e.g., total area, number of housing units affected) and visualise on map (highlight in red).
Marking: 3 marks — 1 mark for loading both layers, 1 mark for overlay/intersect operation, 1 mark for querying/visualising results.
(c) Limitation: Data quality and currency — GIS output is only as reliable as input data; flood-risk layers may be outdated, based on models not real events, or lack granularity. Other limitations: Requires technical expertise/software cost; cannot capture social vulnerability (e.g., elderly, low-income) without additional data; may oversimplify complex urban systems.
Marking: 2 marks — 1 mark for valid limitation (data quality, expertise, social factors), 1 mark for explanation.
End of Answer Key