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Secondary 1 Geography Human Geography Quiz

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Questions

Secondary 1 Geography Quiz - Human Geography

Name: ___________________________
Class: ___________________________
Date: ___________________________
Score: _____ / 40

Duration: 45 minutes
Total Marks: 40

Instructions:

Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
For questions requiring grid references, use the format: 4-figure (e.g., 2962) or 6-figure (e.g., 294624).
Where calculations are required, show your working clearly.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)

Answer all questions. Choose the correct option and write the letter (A, B, C, or D) in the box provided.

Which of the following best describes the term "urbanisation"? [1]
- A. The movement of people from urban to rural areas
- B. The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
- C. The decrease in population density in cities
- D. The growth of rural settlements into towns Answer: □
In Singapore's context, which factor has been the main driver of urbanisation since independence? [1]
- A. Natural population increase
- B. International migration and economic development
- C. Rural-to-urban migration from neighbouring countries
- D. Government policy to reduce rural population Answer: □
Which land-use zone is typically found at the centre of a city according to the Burgess Concentric Zone Model? [1]
- A. Residential zone
- B. Central Business District (CBD)
- C. Industrial zone
- D. Commuter zone Answer: □
What is the main characteristic of a "squatter settlement"? [1]
- A. Planned housing with legal land tenure
- B. High-rise apartments built by the government
- C. Informal housing built on land without legal permission
- D. Gated communities with private security Answer: □
Which of the following is a pull factor for rural-to-urban migration? [1]
- A. Lack of healthcare in rural areas
- B. Better employment opportunities in cities
- C. Natural disasters in rural areas
- D. Land scarcity in villages Answer: □
In the Hoyt Sector Model, industrial areas develop along: [1]
- A. Concentric rings around the CBD
- B. Transport routes radiating from the CBD
- C. Random patterns based on land availability
- D. River valleys only Answer: □
Which statement about Singapore's public housing (HDB) is correct? [1]
- A. HDB flats are only for rental, not ownership
- B. Over 80% of Singapore's resident population lives in HDB flats
- C. HDB estates are located only in the city centre
- D. HDB does not provide amenities like schools and shops Answer: □
What does "urban sprawl" refer to? [1]
- A. The vertical growth of cities through high-rise buildings
- B. The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land
- C. The increase in population density in city centres
- D. The renewal of old urban neighbourhoods Answer: □
Which of the following is a challenge faced by rapidly urbanising cities in developing countries? [1]
- A. Ageing population and low birth rates
- B. Inadequate infrastructure and growth of slums
- C. Excessive green spaces and parks
- D. Over-investment in public transport Answer: □
The term "liveability" in urban geography refers to: [1]
- A. The number of people a city can support
- B. The quality of life and environmental conditions in a city
- C. The economic output of a city
- D. The land area of a city Answer: □

Section B: Structured Questions (18 marks)

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Study the photograph below showing a squatter settlement in a developing country.

<image_placeholder> id: Q11-fig1 type: source_image linked_question: Q11 description: Photograph of a squatter settlement showing densely packed makeshift houses with corrugated metal roofs, narrow unpaved pathways, absence of visible sanitation infrastructure, and mountains in the background labels: makeshift houses, narrow pathways, lack of sanitation, overhead electricity wires values: none must_show: dense informal housing, poor living conditions, lack of paved roads and drainage </image_placeholder>

(a) Describe two characteristics of the housing shown in the photograph. [2]

(b) Explain two reasons why squatter settlements develop in cities of developing countries. [4]

The table below shows the percentage of population living in urban areas for selected countries in 1990 and 2020.

Country	% Urban Population (1990)	% Urban Population (2020)
Singapore	100%	100%
Malaysia	50%	77%
Indonesia	31%	57%
Thailand	29%	51%
Vietnam	20%	38%

(a) Calculate the increase in percentage of urban population for Indonesia between 1990 and 2020. [1]

(b) Which country had the highest rate of urbanisation (greatest percentage point increase) between 1990 and 2020? [1]

(c) Using data from the table, describe the trend in urbanisation for Southeast Asian countries between 1990 and 2020. [2]

(d) Explain one reason for the rapid urbanisation in Southeast Asian countries. [2]

Study the diagram below showing the Burgess Concentric Zone Model.

<image_placeholder> id: Q13-fig1 type: diagram linked_question: Q13 description: Burgess Concentric Zone Model diagram showing five concentric rings labelled from centre outward: CBD, Zone of Transition, Low-class Residential, Middle-class Residential, Commuter Zone labels: CBD, Zone of Transition, Low-class Residential, Middle-class Residential, Commuter Zone values: none must_show: five concentric rings with clear labels, arrows showing outward growth </image_placeholder>

(a) Name the zone labelled X (Zone of Transition). [1]

(b) Describe the typical land use found in the Zone of Transition. [2]

Singapore has implemented the "New Town" concept in its public housing planning. The diagram below shows a simplified layout of a typical New Town.

<image_placeholder> id: Q14-fig1 type: diagram linked_question: Q14 description: Simplified New Town layout showing Town Centre at centre, surrounded by Neighbourhoods (N1-N4), each with neighbourhood centre, schools, parks; industrial estate at edge; MRT station at town centre; expressway at boundary labels: Town Centre, Neighbourhood 1-4, Neighbourhood Centres, Schools, Parks, Industrial Estate, MRT Station, Expressway values: none must_show: hierarchical centres, self-contained neighbourhoods, transport connectivity, separation of industrial from residential </image_placeholder>

(a) Identify two key features of the New Town concept shown in the diagram. [2]

(b) Explain how the New Town concept improves liveability for residents. [4]

Read the extract below about urbanisation in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Urbanisation in Jakarta

Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, has experienced rapid urbanisation since the 1970s. Its population grew from 4.5 million in 1970 to over 10 million in 2020, with the greater metropolitan area (Jabodetabek) exceeding 30 million. This rapid growth has led to severe challenges: traffic congestion costs the economy an estimated US$7 billion annually; 40% of the city lies below sea level, making it prone to flooding; and groundwater extraction has caused land subsidence of up to 25 cm per year in some areas. Informal settlements (kampungs) house millions of low-income residents, often along riverbanks and railway lines, with limited access to clean water and sanitation. The Indonesian government has announced plans to move the capital to Nusantara in East Kalimantan to reduce pressure on Jakarta.

(a) Using evidence from the extract, state two problems caused by rapid urbanisation in Jakarta. [2]

(b) Explain how groundwater extraction leads to land subsidence. [2]

(c) The government plans to move the capital to Nusantara. Suggest two reasons why this may not fully solve Jakarta's urban problems. [4]

Section C: Data Response and Extended Questions (12 marks)

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

The graph below shows the percentage of world population living in urban areas from 1950 to 2050 (projected).

<image_placeholder> id: Q16-fig1 type: graph linked_question: Q16 description: Line graph showing world urban population percentage: 1950 (30%), 1975 (38%), 2000 (47%), 2025 (57%), 2050 projected (68%). X-axis: Year (1950-2050). Y-axis: % Urban Population (0-100%). Steady upward curve. labels: Year, % Urban Population, data points at 1950, 1975, 2000, 2025, 2050 values: 1950: 30%, 1975: 38%, 2000: 47%, 2025: 57%, 2050: 68% must_show: clear upward trend, labelled axes, data points, projection line style change after 2025 </image_placeholder>

(a) Describe the trend in world urbanisation shown by the graph from 1950 to 2050. [2]

(b) Calculate the increase in the percentage of world urban population between 2000 and 2025. [1]

Study the map extract below showing a hypothetical urban area.

<image_placeholder> id: Q17-fig1 type: map linked_question: Q17 description: Simplified urban map with grid lines (eastings 20-30, northings 50-60). CBD at 2456, Industrial zone at 2852, Residential area at 2258, Park at 2654, River running NW-SE, Railway line NE-SW, MRT station at 2455, Main road grid pattern. labels: CBD, Industrial Zone, Residential Area, Park, River, Railway, MRT Station, Main Roads values: Grid: Eastings 20-30, Northings 50-60 must_show: clear grid, labelled features, standard map symbols </image_placeholder>

(a) Give the 4-figure grid reference for the CBD. [1]

(b) Give the 6-figure grid reference for the MRT station. [1]

(c) The industrial zone is located at 2852. Describe its location relative to the CBD using compass direction and approximate distance (assume 1 grid square = 1 km). [2]

(d) Explain why industrial zones are often located away from the CBD in modern urban planning. [2]

The diagram below shows a cross-section of a typical urban transect from the city centre to the rural fringe.

<image_placeholder> id: Q18-fig1 type: diagram linked_question: Q18 description: Urban transect cross-section showing: City Centre (high-rise offices/shops), Inner City (mixed old housing/industry), Inner Suburbs (medium-density housing), Outer Suburbs (low-density detached housing), Rural-Urban Fringe (farmland/golf courses/new developments). Building height decreases outward. Density labels: Very High, High, Medium, Low, Very Low. labels: City Centre, Inner City, Inner Suburbs, Outer Suburbs, Rural-Urban Fringe values: Building height and density decreasing outward must_show: clear zones, decreasing height/density, labels </image_placeholder>

(a) Identify the zone labelled "Inner City" on the diagram. [1]

(b) Describe two differences in housing between the Inner Suburbs and Outer Suburbs. [2]

Singapore faces unique challenges as a highly urbanised city-state with limited land. Read the following statements and decide whether each is True (T) or False (F). [5]

Statement	T/F
(i) Singapore's total land area has increased through land reclamation since independence.
(ii) The Concept Plan is a statutory plan that guides development over the next 10-15 years.
(iii) All of Singapore's water supply comes from imported water from Malaysia.
(iv) The Green Mark scheme encourages energy-efficient and environmentally friendly buildings.
(v) Singapore's population density is among the highest in the world.

Extended Response Question

"Urbanisation brings more benefits than problems for a country's development."

How far do you agree with this statement? Support your answer with examples from Singapore and/or other countries you have studied. [6]

Answers

Secondary 1 Geography Quiz - Human Geography (Answer Key)

Total Marks: 40

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)

B [1]
Explanation: Urbanisation is defined as the increase in the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas. It is a process, not just movement. Option A describes counter-urbanisation. Option C is incorrect as population density typically increases. Option D describes a result, not the definition.
B [1]
Explanation: Singapore's urbanisation was driven by rapid economic development after independence (1965), which attracted international migration and created jobs, transforming the entire island into an urban state. Natural increase played a role but economic development was the primary driver.
B [1]
Explanation: The Burgess Concentric Zone Model places the Central Business District (CBD) at the centre of the city, surrounded by concentric rings of different land uses. This is the defining feature of the model.
C [1]
Explanation: Squatter settlements (slums/informal settlements) are characterised by housing built illegally on land the occupants do not own or have permission to use, often with poor-quality materials and lacking basic services.
B [1]
Explanation: Pull factors attract people to cities. Better employment opportunities are a classic pull factor. Options A, C, and D are push factors (conditions that drive people away from rural areas).
B [1]
Explanation: The Hoyt Sector Model proposes that cities grow in sectors/wedges radiating from the CBD along transport routes (roads, railways). Industrial areas develop along these transport corridors for accessibility.
B [1]
Explanation: Over 80% of Singapore's resident population lives in HDB flats. HDB flats are sold on 99-year leases (ownership), not just rental. HDB estates are distributed across the island (not just city centre) and are self-contained with amenities.
B [1]
Explanation: Urban sprawl refers to the uncontrolled, low-density expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural/agricultural land, typically characterised by car-dependent development. Option A describes vertical growth/densification.
B [1]
Explanation: Rapidly urbanising cities in developing countries often face infrastructure deficits (water, sanitation, transport, housing) leading to slum growth. Ageing populations (A) are more typical of developed countries. Green spaces (C) are usually lacking, not excessive.
B [1]
Explanation: Liveability refers to the quality of life in a city, encompassing factors like housing, transport, environment, safety, healthcare, education, and recreation. It is a qualitative measure, not quantitative like population capacity or economic output.

Section B: Structured Questions (18 marks)

Photograph Analysis – Squatter Settlement [8 marks total]

(a) Two characteristics of housing: [2 marks – 1 mark each]
- Houses are makeshift/temporary structures built with corrugated metal sheets, wood, and other scavenged materials.
- Houses are densely packed with very narrow pathways between them.
- Accept other valid observations: lack of uniform structure, multi-storey informal additions, overhead electricity wires.
(b) Two reasons for squatter settlement development: [4 marks – 2 marks each: 1 for identification, 1 for explanation]
- Rural-to-urban migration exceeds housing supply: People move to cities for jobs but cannot afford formal housing, so they build illegally on vacant land.
- Lack of affordable housing / high land costs: Formal housing is too expensive for low-income migrants; governments fail to provide sufficient low-cost housing.
- Other valid reasons: unemployment/underemployment in formal sector, lack of land tenure systems, natural disasters displacing people.
(c) One government strategy to improve conditions: [2 marks – 1 for strategy, 1 for elaboration]
- In-situ upgrading / slum upgrading: Provide legal land tenure, improve infrastructure (paved roads, drainage, water supply, sanitation, electricity), and help residents rebuild better homes. This avoids displacement and leverages community networks.
- Other valid strategies: Sites-and-services schemes (provide serviced plots for self-build), public housing construction with subsidised rents, relocation to new towns with livelihood support.
Common mistakes: Vague answers like "build more houses" without explaining how/where; confusing relocation with upgrading; not linking strategy to specific problems shown (sanitation, density).
Data Response – Urbanisation in Southeast Asia [6 marks total]

(a) Indonesia increase: 57% – 31% = 26 percentage points [1]

(b) Highest rate: Malaysia (77% – 50% = 27 percentage points) [1]
Check: Indonesia 26, Thailand 22, Vietnam 18, Singapore 0.

(c) Trend description: [2 marks – 1 for overall trend, 1 for use of data]
- All Southeast Asian countries shown experienced an increase in urban population percentage between 1990 and 2020.
- The rate of increase varies, with Malaysia having the highest urbanisation level (77%) and Vietnam the lowest (38%) in 2020.
- Must cite at least one data point for full marks.
(d) Reason for rapid urbanisation: [2 marks – 1 for reason, 1 for explanation]
- Industrialisation and economic growth: Countries like Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia shifted from agriculture to manufacturing/services, creating urban jobs that attract rural migrants.
- Other valid reasons: foreign investment in urban areas, better urban services (education, healthcare), government policies favouring urban development.
Burgess Concentric Zone Model [6 marks total]

(a) Zone X name: Zone of Transition (also accepted: Transition Zone, Zone II) [1]

(b) Land use in Zone of Transition: [2 marks – 1 each]
- Mixed land use: light industry, warehouses, wholesale markets, low-quality residential housing (often converted from older buildings).
- Characterised by urban decay, high population density, and lower land values than CBD but higher than outer zones.
- Accept: "slums", "old housing", "light industry" as descriptors.
(c) Why Burgess model may not fit Singapore: [3 marks – 1 per valid point with explanation]
- Planned development vs. organic growth: Singapore's land use is highly planned by URA (Master Plan), not left to market forces/bid-rent theory alone.
- High-rise, high-density throughout: The model assumes low-density outward growth; Singapore builds high-density HDB estates in all zones, including new towns far from CBD.
- Polycentric structure: Singapore has multiple regional centres (Jurong East, Tampines, Woodlands) not a single CBD, reducing the concentric pattern.
- Land reclamation and constraints: Physical geography (small island, reclamation) distorts the idealised circular pattern.
- Need 3 distinct points for full marks.
Singapore New Town Concept [6 marks total]

(a) Two key features from diagram: [2 marks – 1 each]
- Hierarchical centres: Town Centre (higher-order services) and Neighbourhood Centres (daily needs).
- Self-contained neighbourhoods: Each has schools, parks, shops within walking distance.
- Separation of industrial estate from residential areas (buffered by green space/roads).
- Integrated transport: MRT station at Town Centre, expressway access.
- Any two valid features from diagram.
(b) How New Town concept improves liveability: [4 marks – 1 per point with explanation, max 4]
- Convenience/Accessibility: Residents access daily needs (shops, clinics, schools) within 15-min walk at neighbourhood centres; higher-order services at Town Centre.
- Reduced travel needs: Self-contained design means shorter commutes, less traffic congestion, more time for family/leisure.
- Quality environment: Parks, green spaces, and separation from industrial pollution improve physical/mental health.
- Community building: Neighbourhood centres foster social interaction; shared facilities strengthen community bonds.
- Efficient public transport: MRT/bus integration at Town Centre reduces car dependence, lowers carbon footprint.
Case Study – Jakarta Urbanisation [8 marks total]

(a) Two problems from extract: [2 marks – 1 each]
- Severe traffic congestion (costing US$7 billion annually).
- Flooding risk (40% of city below sea level).
- Land subsidence (up to 25 cm/year from groundwater extraction).
- Informal settlements with poor water/sanitation access.
- Any two, must cite extract.
(b) Groundwater extraction → land subsidence: [2 marks – 1 for process, 1 for result]
- Excessive pumping removes water from aquifers, reducing pore pressure in the soil/rock layers.
- The weight of the overlying sediments compacts the aquifer permanently, causing the ground surface to sink (subsidence).
(c) Two reasons moving capital may not solve Jakarta's problems: [4 marks – 2 marks each: 1 for reason, 1 for explanation]
- Jakarta remains economic hub: Businesses, jobs, and infrastructure stay; migration continues regardless of administrative capital move.
- Existing problems need local solutions: Flooding, subsidence, congestion require engineering (sea walls, mass transit, water management) not just political relocation.
- Jabodetabek integration: Greater Jakarta's 30 million people are economically integrated; moving capital doesn't decentralise population/jobs.
- Cost and time: Nusantara development takes decades; Jakarta's problems are urgent and worsening.

Section C: Data Response and Extended Questions (12 marks)

World Urbanisation Graph [7 marks total]

(a) Trend description: [2 marks – 1 for overall trend, 1 for data support]
- The percentage of world population living in urban areas has increased steadily from 30% in 1950 to 57% in 2025, and is projected to reach 68% by 2050.
- The rate of increase appears to be slowing slightly (smaller increments per 25-year period) but the upward trend continues.
(b) Calculation: 57% – 47% = 10 percentage points [1]

(c) Two reasons for continued increase: [4 marks – 2 marks each: 1 for reason, 1 for explanation]
- Economic development in Africa/Asia: Many developing countries are still early in urban transition; industrialisation and service-sector growth will drive rural-urban migration.
- Natural increase in urban areas: Urban populations have younger age structures; even without migration, births exceed deaths, swelling urban shares.
- Other valid reasons: reclassification of rural areas as urban, climate change displacing rural populations, government urbanisation policies (e.g., China's new-type urbanisation).
Map Skills – Urban Area [6 marks total]

(a) 4-figure GR for CBD: 2456 [1]
Rule: Eastings first (24), then Northings (56). Bottom-left corner of grid square.

(b) 6-figure GR for MRT station: 244555 [1]
Rule: Eastings 24 + 4 tenths = 244; Northings 55 + 5 tenths = 555. Station at centre of square 2455.

(c) Industrial zone location relative to CBD: [2 marks – 1 for direction, 1 for distance]
- Direction: East / East-Northeast (from 2456 to 2852: 4 eastings east, 4 northings south → roughly ESE, but "East" acceptable).
- Distance: Approximately 4 km east and 4 km south; straight-line distance ≈ 5.7 km (accept "about 4-6 km").
(d) Why industrial zones located away from CBD: [2 marks – 1 for reason, 1 for explanation]
- Lower land costs: Industry requires large plots; CBD land is too expensive for factories/warehouses.
- Environmental/amenity reasons: Pollution, noise, heavy traffic from industry are incompatible with residential/commercial CBD functions; planning separates them.
- Also: better transport access (expressways/ports) at periphery.
Urban Transect Cross-Section [5 marks total]

(a) Inner City zone: The zone between City Centre and Inner Suburbs, characterised by mixed old housing and industry, high density, lower building height than CBD. [1]

(b) Two housing differences (Inner vs Outer Suburbs): [2 marks – 1 each]
- Density/Type: Inner Suburbs = medium-density (walk-ups, low-rise apartments, terraced houses); Outer Suburbs = low-density (detached/semi-detached houses with gardens).
- Age/Character: Inner Suburbs = older, smaller units, less private space; Outer Suburbs = newer, larger homes, more private outdoor space.
- Height: Inner Suburbs = typically 3-5 storeys; Outer Suburbs = 1-2 storeys.
(c) Reason for Rural-Urban Fringe land-use conflicts: [2 marks – 1 for reason, 1 for explanation]
- Competing demands: Developers want cheap land for housing/industry; farmers want to retain agricultural land; conservationists want green space; recreation (golf courses) competes with all.
- Speculation and uncertainty: Land values rise with urban expansion, encouraging premature conversion and "leapfrog" development, creating fragmented, inefficient land-use patterns.

True/False – Singapore Urban Challenges [5 marks total – 1 each]

Statement	T/F	Explanation
(i) Singapore's total land area has increased through land reclamation since independence.	T	Land area grew from ~581 km² (1965) to ~734 km² (2024) via reclamation.
(ii) The Concept Plan is a statutory plan that guides development over the next 10-15 years.	F	Concept Plan = strategic 40-50 year vision. Master Plan = statutory 10-15 year detailed plan.
(iii) All of Singapore's water supply comes from imported water from Malaysia.	F	Four National Taps: Local catchment, Imported water, NEWater (reclaimed), Desalinated water. Imported water < 50% now.
(iv) The Green Mark scheme encourages energy-efficient and environmentally friendly buildings.	T	BCA Green Mark rates buildings on energy, water, environmental protection, indoor quality.
(v) Singapore's population density is among the highest in the world.	T	~8,000 people/km² (2023); 3rd highest globally among sovereign states (after Monaco, Macau).

Extended Response – Urbanisation Benefits vs Problems [6 marks]

Marking Guidance (Levels of Response):

Level 3 (5-6 marks): Balanced, well-structured argument with specific examples from Singapore and/or other countries. Clear conclusion weighing benefits against problems. Uses geographical terminology (e.g., agglomeration economies, diseconomies of scale, liveability, sustainable development).

Level 2 (3-4 marks): Some balance but may lean to one side. Examples given but less developed. Basic structure. Some geographical terms.

Level 1 (1-2 marks): One-sided or generic statements. Limited/no examples. Simple assertions.

Indicative Content:

Benefits (Agglomeration advantages):
- Economic growth: Cities concentrate labour, capital, innovation → higher productivity, GDP. Singapore: global finance/logistics hub; Shenzhen: manufacturing/tech.
- Efficiency of services: Easier/cheaper to provide water, electricity, transport, healthcare, education per capita. Singapore's MRT, NEWater, district cooling.
- Social opportunities: Access to jobs, education, culture, healthcare. Social mobility higher in cities.
- Innovation/knowledge spillovers: Density fosters creativity, startups, R&D clusters (e.g., Singapore's one-north, Silicon Valley).
Problems (Diseconomies of scale/Urban challenges):
- Congestion/pollution: Traffic, air/noise pollution reduce productivity/health. Jakarta's US$7B congestion cost; Delhi's air quality crisis.
- Housing affordability/inequality: High demand drives prices up; low-income groups pushed to slums/periphery. Hong Kong cage homes; Singapore's public housing mitigates but resale prices high.
- Environmental stress: Land subsidence (Jakarta), flood risk, heat island effect, biodiversity loss, waste management.
- Social issues: Crime, mental health, isolation despite density, ageing infrastructure.
Singapore's Managed Urbanisation (Synthesis):
- Proactive planning (Concept/Master Plans), public housing (HDB), integrated transport, water independence (Four Taps), green city vision (City in Nature) → turns challenges into opportunities.
- But trade-offs remain: land scarcity, high cost of living, reliance on foreign labour, climate vulnerability.
Conclusion: Urbanisation can bring net benefits if managed through good governance, planning, investment in infrastructure/social housing, and environmental sustainability. Unmanaged rapid urbanisation (many developing cities) tends to generate more problems. The statement is largely true for well-managed cities like Singapore, but false for poorly managed rapid urbanisation.

Marking Notes:
- Credit answers that define "urbanisation" and "development" clearly.
- Require at least one specific Singapore example and one other country/city for top marks.
- Accept "agree", "disagree", or "to a large/small extent" if justified.
- Deduct if only benefits OR only problems discussed without balance.