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O Level History Practice Paper 1

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Questions

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TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper - History O-Level

TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper (AI)

Subject: History
Level: O-Level
Paper: Practice Paper 1
Version: 1 of 5
Duration: 1 hour 50 minutes
Total Marks: 50

Name: _________________________
Class: _________________________
Date: _________________________

Instructions to Candidates

  1. This paper consists of two sections: Section A and Section B.
  2. Answer all questions in Section A.
  3. In Section B, answer two out of the three essay questions.
  4. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
  5. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
  6. You are advised to spend approximately 50 minutes on Section A and 60 minutes on Section B.

Section A: Source-Based Case Study (30 marks)

Topic: The Rise of Nazi Germany

Study the sources carefully and then answer the questions which follow.

Source A: An extract from a speech by Adolf Hitler to a gathering of industrialists in Düsseldorf, January 1932.

"The German people are not inferior. We have been betrayed by weak politicians and burdened by the unjust Treaty of Versailles. We have the will, the ability, and the right to rise again. What we need is a strong government that will restore our national pride, provide work for our unemployed millions, and break the chains of Versailles. The communist threat grows daily, and only the National Socialist movement can save Germany from this menace."

Source B: A Nazi Party election poster from July 1932. The poster shows a muscular German worker breaking chains labelled "Versailles" and "Unemployment," with the slogan "Work, Freedom, and Bread" beneath a large swastika.

Source C: An extract from a report by the British Ambassador to Germany, Sir Horace Rumbold, to the British Foreign Office, February 1933.

"Hitler's appointment as Chancellor has been met with a mixture of enthusiasm and deep concern. His supporters believe he will solve Germany's economic problems and restore national pride. However, his methods are already causing alarm. The Reichstag Fire has been used as a pretext to suspend civil liberties, and political opponents are being arrested. There is a real danger that Germany is moving towards a dictatorship."

Source D: A photograph taken in Berlin, March 1933, showing long queues of unemployed men waiting outside a newly opened Nazi labour exchange office. A banner above the entrance reads: "The Führer Provides Work."

Source E: An extract from a speech by a Social Democratic Party (SPD) member in the Reichstag, 23 March 1933, during the debate on the Enabling Act.

"We are being asked to vote away our own democracy. This Act will give Hitler unlimited power to make laws without the Reichstag, without the President, and without the constitution. Once passed, there will be no turning back. We are being intimidated by the SA who surround this building. This is not democracy; this is the death of the Weimar Republic."

Source F: A cartoon published in a British newspaper, Punch, in July 1934. The cartoon shows a giant figure labelled "Hitler" sweeping away small figures labelled "SA," "Trade Unions," and "Political Parties" with a broom labelled "Night of the Long Knives." The caption reads: "Spring Cleaning in Germany."

Questions

1. Study Source A. What does this source tell you about the methods Hitler used to gain support in 1932? Explain your answer. [5]

2. Study Source B. Why do you think the Nazi Party published this poster in July 1932? Explain your answer. [5]

3. Study Sources A and B. How far would the creators of these two sources have agreed with each other about how to appeal to the German people? Explain your answer. [6]

4. Study Source D. How useful is this source as evidence that Hitler's economic policies successfully reduced unemployment? Explain your answer. [6]

5. Study all the sources. "Hitler's rise to power was achieved through legitimate democratic means." How far do these sources support this view? Use the sources and your knowledge to explain your answer. [8]

Section B: Essay Questions (20 marks)

Answer two out of the three questions. Each question is worth 10 marks.

You are reminded that marks will be awarded for the quality of your analysis, the use of specific evidence, and the balance of your argument.

6. "The weaknesses of the Weimar Republic were the main reason for Hitler's rise to power by 1933." How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

7. "Hitler's domestic policies harmed the German people more than they helped them." How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

8. "The policy of appeasement was a mistake that made World War II inevitable." How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

END OF PAPER

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Answers

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TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper - History O-Level: Answer Key and Marking Scheme

Paper: Practice Paper 1
Version: 1 of 5
Subject: History
Level: O-Level

Section A: Source-Based Case Study (30 marks)

Question 1: Source A Analysis [5 marks]

Question: Study Source A. What does this source tell you about the methods Hitler used to gain support in 1932? Explain your answer.

Marking Scheme (Levels of Response):

LevelMarksDescriptor
L11-2Simple inference(s) from the source without explanation or context
L23-4Developed inference(s) with some explanation and/or contextual reference
L35Well-developed inference(s) with clear explanation and strong contextual knowledge

Expected Answer Content:

The source reveals several methods Hitler used to gain support:

  1. Exploitation of grievances: Hitler blamed "weak politicians" and the "unjust Treaty of Versailles" for Germany's problems, tapping into widespread resentment against the Weimar government and the post-war settlement.

  2. Promise of national revival: He offered a vision of national restoration ("rise again," "restore our national pride"), appealing to Germans humiliated by defeat in WWI and the Versailles terms.

  3. Economic promises: He addressed the immediate concerns of the unemployed ("provide work for our unemployed millions"), targeting the 6 million unemployed during the Great Depression.

  4. Anti-communist rhetoric: He exploited fears of communism ("the communist threat grows daily"), positioning the Nazi Party as the only defence against a Bolshevik takeover. This appealed particularly to industrialists and the middle class.

  5. Strong leadership message: He presented himself as offering "strong government," contrasting with the perceived weakness of Weimar coalition governments.

Contextual knowledge for L3: The speech was delivered to industrialists in Düsseldorf, showing Hitler's strategy of tailoring his message to specific audiences. To industrialists, he emphasised anti-communism and economic recovery; to workers, he emphasised employment; to nationalists, he emphasised Versailles revision.

Question 2: Source B Purpose [5 marks]

Question: Study Source B. Why do you think the Nazi Party published this poster in July 1932? Explain your answer.

Marking Scheme (Levels of Response):

LevelMarksDescriptor
L11-2Simple reason(s) for publication without explanation or context
L23-4Developed reason(s) with some explanation and/or contextual reference
L35Well-developed explanation of purpose with clear contextual knowledge

Expected Answer Content:

The Nazi Party published this poster in July 1932 for the following reasons:

  1. Electoral purpose: July 1932 was the month of the Reichstag election. The poster was designed to win votes by presenting the Nazi Party as the solution to Germany's problems.

  2. Appeal to economic distress: The imagery of breaking chains labelled "Unemployment" and the slogan "Work, Freedom, and Bread" directly addressed the suffering of the 6 million unemployed during the Great Depression. The Nazis promised tangible economic relief.

  3. Nationalist appeal: Breaking chains labelled "Versailles" tapped into widespread resentment against the Treaty of Versailles. The poster suggested that only the Nazis could free Germany from the "shackles" of the post-war settlement.

  4. Visual propaganda techniques: The muscular German worker symbolised strength and national revival. The large swastika associated these positive images with the Nazi Party. The simple, powerful imagery was designed to reach a mass audience, including those with low literacy.

  5. Contextual timing: The July 1932 election was crucial. The Nazis had become the largest party but not yet achieved a majority. This poster aimed to maximise their vote share by appealing across class lines—to workers (employment), nationalists (Versailles), and the desperate (bread).

Question 3: Source Comparison [6 marks]

Question: Study Sources A and B. How far would the creators of these two sources have agreed with each other about how to appeal to the German people? Explain your answer.

Marking Scheme (Levels of Response):

LevelMarksDescriptor
L11-2Identifies similarity or difference without explanation
L23-4Explains agreement and/or disagreement with some reference to the sources
L35-6Well-developed explanation of the extent of agreement with clear reference to both sources and context

Expected Answer Content:

Areas of agreement:

  1. Both target economic grievances: Source A promises to "provide work for our unemployed millions"; Source B shows chains labelled "Unemployment" being broken and promises "Work" and "Bread." Both recognise that economic distress was the primary concern of voters in 1932.

  2. Both exploit Versailles resentment: Source A speaks of breaking "the chains of Versailles"; Source B visually depicts chains labelled "Versailles" being broken. Both understand that nationalist grievance was a powerful mobilising tool.

  3. Both present the Nazis as the solution: Source A claims "only the National Socialist movement can save Germany"; Source B associates the swastika with positive imagery of strength and liberation.

  4. Both use simple, emotional messaging: Both avoid complex policy detail in favour of powerful, emotive appeals to hope, pride, and grievance.

Areas of difference in approach:

  1. Audience: Source A was a speech to industrialists, hence the emphasis on anti-communism and the threat to property. Source B was a mass poster aimed at ordinary voters, hence the focus on basic needs (work, bread).

  2. Medium: Source A uses reasoned (if emotive) argument suitable for an educated audience. Source B uses visual symbolism suitable for mass consumption.

Conclusion: The creators would have agreed substantially on the core messages—economic recovery, national revival, and anti-Versailles sentiment—but adapted their delivery to different audiences. The underlying strategy was the same: exploit grievances and offer the Nazis as the only solution.

Question 4: Source Utility [6 marks]

Question: Study Source D. How useful is this source as evidence that Hitler's economic policies successfully reduced unemployment? Explain your answer.

Marking Scheme (Levels of Response):

LevelMarksDescriptor
L11-2Simple statement about usefulness without explanation
L23-4Explains usefulness and/or limitations with some reference to the source and context
L35-6Well-developed evaluation of usefulness and limitations with clear reference to provenance, content, and context

Expected Answer Content:

Usefulness:

  1. Visual evidence of Nazi efforts: The photograph shows a Nazi labour exchange office, demonstrating that the regime was actively creating institutions to address unemployment. The long queues suggest high demand for work, consistent with the scale of the unemployment problem.

  2. Propaganda value: The banner "The Führer Provides Work" shows how the Nazis presented their economic policies. The photograph captures the regime's attempt to associate Hitler personally with economic recovery.

  3. Timing: Taken in March 1933, shortly after Hitler became Chancellor, the photograph shows the early stages of Nazi economic policy implementation.

Limitations:

  1. Provenance: The photograph was likely taken or approved by the Nazi regime for propaganda purposes. It may have been staged or carefully selected to present a positive image. It does not show whether the men actually obtained work.

  2. Partial picture: The photograph shows only one aspect of Nazi economic policy. It does not reveal that unemployment reduction was partly achieved through:

    • Removal of women and Jews from the workforce (they were not counted in unemployment statistics)
    • Conscription and rearmament (which absorbed unemployed men but prepared for war)
    • Public works programmes that were often temporary

  3. What it does not show: The photograph does not reveal working conditions, wages, or whether the jobs provided were sustainable. It does not show those who remained unemployed or were excluded from the statistics.

Conclusion: The source is partially useful as evidence of how the Nazis presented their economic policies and their efforts to address unemployment, but it is limited as evidence of actual success due to its propaganda origins and the incomplete picture it provides.

Question 5: Multi-Source Synthesis [8 marks]

Question: Study all the sources. "Hitler's rise to power was achieved through legitimate democratic means." How far do these sources support this view? Use the sources and your knowledge to explain your answer.

Marking Scheme (Levels of Response):

LevelMarksDescriptor
L11-2Simple statements about the sources without synthesis or evaluation
L23-4Identifies support or challenge from sources with some explanation
L35-6Explains support and challenge from multiple sources with some evaluation
L47-8Well-developed synthesis of sources and own knowledge with balanced evaluation and clear conclusion

Expected Answer Content:

Sources that support the view (legitimate democratic means):

  • Source A (partially): Shows Hitler campaigning for votes in an election, which is a democratic process. The speech was part of the 1932 election campaign, suggesting the Nazis sought power through the ballot box.
  • Source B (partially): An election poster from July 1932, again showing participation in the democratic process. The Nazis contested elections and became the largest party through votes.

Sources that challenge the view (illegitimate/undemocratic means):

  • Source C: The British Ambassador reports that the Reichstag Fire was "used as a pretext to suspend civil liberties" and that "political opponents are being arrested." This shows that after becoming Chancellor, Hitler used emergency powers to suppress opposition, which was not democratic.
  • Source E: The SPD member describes how the Enabling Act was passed under intimidation ("intimidated by the SA who surround this building"). The Act gave Hitler dictatorial powers, but it was passed under duress, not through free democratic debate.
  • Source F: The cartoon shows Hitler eliminating the SA, trade unions, and political parties through the violent "Night of the Long Knives." This was extra-legal violence, not democratic process.

Own knowledge to evaluate the view:

  1. Democratic elements: Hitler was appointed Chancellor legally by President Hindenburg in January 1933. The Nazis had won 37% of the vote in July 1932, making them the largest party. The appointment followed constitutional procedures.

  2. Undemocratic elements:

    • The Nazis never won an outright majority in a free election (maximum 37%).
    • The Reichstag Fire Decree (February 1933) suspended civil liberties and allowed the arrest of political opponents, particularly Communists.
    • The Enabling Act (March 1933) was passed with SA intimidation; Communist deputies were arrested and prevented from voting.
    • After the Enabling Act, all other political parties were banned (July 1933), trade unions were dissolved, and Germany became a one-party state.
    • The Night of the Long Knives (June 1934) was a violent purge of political rivals, including the SA leadership, without any legal process.

Conclusion: The sources provide limited support for the view that Hitler's rise was achieved through legitimate democratic means. While Sources A and B show the Nazis participating in elections, Sources C, E, and F reveal that once in power, Hitler used emergency decrees, intimidation, violence, and the suppression of opposition to consolidate his position. The view is only partially supported because, although Hitler initially gained office through constitutional appointment, his consolidation of total power was achieved through fundamentally undemocratic methods. The democratic process was exploited and then destroyed.

Section B: Essay Questions (20 marks)

Question 6: Weimar Weaknesses and Hitler's Rise [10 marks]

Question: "The weaknesses of the Weimar Republic were the main reason for Hitler's rise to power by 1933." How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

Marking Scheme (Levels of Response):

LevelMarksDescriptor
L11-3Simple statements with little or no specific evidence; descriptive rather than analytical
L24-6Some explanation with relevant evidence; begins to address "how far"
L37-8Developed explanation with specific evidence and analysis of multiple factors
L49-10Well-developed, balanced argument with specific evidence, evaluation of relative importance, and substantiated conclusion

Expected Answer Content:

Arguments supporting the statement (Weimar weaknesses as main reason):

  1. Constitutional weaknesses:

    • Article 48 gave the President emergency powers, which Hindenburg used increasingly, undermining parliamentary democracy.
    • Proportional representation led to fragmented Reichstags with many small parties, making stable coalition government difficult.
    • The system allowed extremist parties (Nazis and Communists) to gain representation.

  2. Association with Versailles:

    • The Weimar Republic was associated with the "shame" of the Treaty of Versailles (War Guilt Clause, reparations, territorial losses).
    • The "stab in the back" myth blamed democratic politicians for Germany's defeat, discrediting the Republic from its birth.

  3. Economic failures:

    • Hyperinflation of 1923 destroyed middle-class savings and faith in the government.
    • The Great Depression (1929 onwards) caused mass unemployment (6 million by 1932), which the Weimar governments seemed unable to solve.
    • Coalition governments could not agree on economic policies, leading to political paralysis.

  4. Lack of popular support:

    • Many Germans, including judges, civil servants, and the military, were monarchist and never accepted the Republic.
    • The Republic was seen as imposed by the Allies, not chosen by the German people.

Arguments challenging the statement (other factors were more important):

  1. Hitler's leadership and Nazi tactics:

    • Hitler was a charismatic orator who could mobilise mass audiences.
    • Nazi propaganda (led by Goebbels) was sophisticated, using posters, rallies, radio, and simple slogans tailored to different audiences.
    • The SA provided a visible presence, intimidated opponents, and offered a sense of order and strength.
    • The Nazis promised something to everyone: work for the unemployed, protection from communism for the middle class, national revival for nationalists.

  2. Fear of communism:

    • The growth of the Communist Party (KPD) frightened the middle class, industrialists, and landowners.
    • The Nazis positioned themselves as the only effective bulwark against a Bolshevik revolution.
    • Industrialists like Thyssen and Krupp funded the Nazi Party.

  3. Role of conservative elites:

    • Hindenburg and his advisors (von Papen, von Schleicher) underestimated Hitler and believed they could control him.
    • Von Papen persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in January 1933, believing the conservatives in the cabinet would restrain him.
    • This "backstairs intrigue" was crucial; Hitler did not seize power but was handed it by conservative elites.

  4. Impact of the Great Depression:

    • Before 1929, Nazi electoral support was minimal (2.6% in 1928).
    • The Depression created the conditions of mass desperation that made extremist solutions attractive.
    • Nazi vote share rose to 37% in July 1932 as unemployment soared.

Evaluation and conclusion:

The weaknesses of the Weimar Republic were a necessary but not sufficient condition for Hitler's rise. The Republic's flaws created a system vulnerable to extremist challenge and a population receptive to radical solutions. However, these weaknesses alone did not make Hitler's rise inevitable. The Great Depression provided the crisis that the Weimar system could not manage. Hitler's personal charisma and the Nazis' sophisticated propaganda exploited this crisis effectively. Crucially, the decision of conservative elites to appoint Hitler as Chancellor was the immediate cause of his rise to power. Therefore, while Weimar weaknesses were a fundamental underlying cause, they were not the main reason in isolation. The statement is partially correct: Weimar weaknesses created the conditions, but the Depression, Nazi tactics, and elite miscalculation were equally decisive.

Question 7: Hitler's Domestic Policies [10 marks]

Question: "Hitler's domestic policies harmed the German people more than they helped them." How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

Marking Scheme (Levels of Response):

LevelMarksDescriptor
L11-3Simple statements with little or no specific evidence; descriptive rather than analytical
L24-6Some explanation with relevant evidence; begins to address "how far"
L37-8Developed explanation with specific evidence and analysis of multiple factors
L49-10Well-developed, balanced argument with specific evidence, evaluation of relative importance, and substantiated conclusion

Expected Answer Content:

Arguments that policies helped Germans:

  1. Economic recovery:

    • Unemployment fell from 6 million in 1933 to virtually zero by 1939.
    • Public works programmes (autobahns, public buildings) provided jobs and improved infrastructure.
    • Rearmament stimulated industry and created employment.
    • The German economy recovered faster than most other European economies from the Depression.

  2. National pride and psychological benefits:

    • The Nazis restored a sense of national pride after the humiliation of Versailles.
    • Germany reoccupied the Rhineland (1936) and achieved Anschluss with Austria (1938) without war.
    • The 1936 Berlin Olympics showcased a resurgent Germany to the world.

  3. Social programmes:

    • The Strength Through Joy (KdF) programme provided affordable leisure activities, holidays, and cultural events for workers.
    • The Volkswagen (people's car) scheme, though largely unfulfilled, offered the promise of mass car ownership.
    • Winter Relief programmes provided charity for the poor.

Arguments that policies harmed Germans:

  1. Loss of freedom and terror:

    • All political opposition was eliminated; Germany became a one-party dictatorship.
    • The Gestapo and SS created a police state with arbitrary arrests, concentration camps (Dachau opened 1933), and state-sponsored violence.
    • The Night of the Long Knives (1934) showed that even Nazi supporters could be murdered without trial.
    • Freedom of speech, press, and assembly were abolished.

  2. Persecution of minorities:

    • The Nuremberg Laws (1935) stripped Jews of citizenship and prohibited marriage between Jews and "Aryans."
    • Kristallnacht (1938) saw widespread violence against Jews, synagogues, and Jewish businesses.
    • Jews were excluded from professions, education, and public life.
    • Other groups (Roma, disabled people, homosexuals) were also persecuted.

  3. Control of society:

    • Education was indoctrinated with Nazi ideology; textbooks were rewritten; teachers had to join the Nazi Teachers' League.
    • The Hitler Youth and League of German Girls were compulsory; children were indoctrinated and encouraged to inform on their parents.
    • Women were pushed out of professions and confined to "Kinder, Küche, Kirche" (children, kitchen, church).
    • The arts and media were strictly controlled; "degenerate" art and music were banned.

  4. Economic reality:

    • The economic recovery was built on rearmament and preparation for war, not sustainable peacetime growth.
    • Workers lost trade union rights; wages were controlled; working hours increased.
    • The "economic miracle" was partly achieved by removing women and Jews from the workforce and not counting them in unemployment statistics.

Evaluation and conclusion:

The assessment depends on which groups of Germans are considered and what criteria are used. For the majority of "Aryan" Germans who conformed, there were tangible economic benefits and a restoration of national pride. However, these benefits came at the cost of personal freedom, the destruction of democracy, and the creation of a brutal police state. For Jews and other persecuted minorities, the policies were catastrophic, leading to loss of rights, property, and ultimately life. The economic recovery was also unsustainable, being based on war preparation. Overall, the statement is largely correct: while some Germans experienced short-term benefits, the fundamental harms—loss of freedom, state terror, persecution of minorities, and the direction towards war—outweighed the benefits. The policies ultimately led Germany to the catastrophe of World War II and the Holocaust.

Question 8: Appeasement and WWII [10 marks]

Question: "The policy of appeasement was a mistake that made World War II inevitable." How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

Marking Scheme (Levels of Response):

LevelMarksDescriptor
L11-3Simple statements with little or no specific evidence; descriptive rather than analytical
L24-6Some explanation with relevant evidence; begins to address "how far"
L37-8Developed explanation with specific evidence and analysis of multiple factors
L49-10Well-developed, balanced argument with specific evidence, evaluation of relative importance, and substantiated conclusion

Expected Answer Content:

Arguments that appeasement was a mistake that made war inevitable:

  1. It encouraged Hitler's aggression:

    • Each concession made Hitler more confident that Britain and France would not resist.
    • Remilitarisation of the Rhineland (1936): Hitler later admitted that if France had resisted, Germany would have had to withdraw. The lack of response emboldened him.
    • Anschluss with Austria (1938): Britain and France protested but took no action, convincing Hitler of their weakness.
    • Munich Agreement (1938): Britain and France forced Czechoslovakia to surrender the Sudetenland. Hitler gained territory, resources, and military fortifications without fighting.
    • Invasion of Czechoslovakia (March 1939): Hitler broke his promise that the Sudetenland was his "last territorial demand," showing that appeasement could not satisfy him.

  2. It weakened the anti-German alliance:

    • The USSR, excluded from Munich, concluded that Britain and France would not stand against Hitler. This pushed Stalin towards the Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 1939), which gave Hitler the green light to invade Poland.
    • Czechoslovakia, a strong democracy with a well-equipped army and defensive fortifications, was sacrificed, removing a potential ally against Germany.

  3. It gave Germany strategic advantages:

    • Each territorial gain strengthened Germany militarily and economically (Czech armaments factories, Austrian resources).
    • It allowed Germany to rearm without interruption while Britain and France delayed their own rearmament.

Arguments that appeasement was not a mistake and did not make war inevitable:

  1. Appeasement was a rational response to British weakness:

    • Britain was not militarily prepared for war in the mid-1930s. Appeasement bought time for rearmament (e.g., RAF expansion, radar development).
    • The British public and Dominions were strongly anti-war after the trauma of WWI. Chamberlain reflected popular opinion.
    • Britain could not fight Germany, Italy, and Japan simultaneously; avoiding war in Europe was strategically sensible.

  2. Other factors made war inevitable, not appeasement:

    • Hitler's ideology and long-term aims (Lebensraum, destruction of Versailles, racial empire) meant war was his goal regardless of British policy.
    • The Treaty of Versailles had created grievances that made German expansionism likely.
    • The weakness of the League of Nations and collective security meant there was no effective international mechanism to restrain aggression.

  3. Appeasement had some justification:

    • Many at the time believed Germany had legitimate grievances over Versailles, particularly regarding the Sudeten Germans.
    • The Sudetenland had a majority German population; allowing self-determination seemed reasonable.
    • Chamberlain could not have known that Hitler would break his promises so completely.

Evaluation and conclusion:

The statement is partially correct. Appeasement was a mistake in that it misjudged Hitler's intentions, encouraged his aggression, and weakened the potential anti-German coalition. The Munich Agreement, in particular, was a strategic disaster that sacrificed a strong ally and convinced Hitler of British and French weakness. However, appeasement did not single-handedly make war inevitable. Hitler's ideological commitment to expansion and racial empire meant that war was his ultimate objective regardless of British policy. Appeasement may have accelerated the path to war and worsened the strategic situation, but the fundamental cause of WWII was Hitler's aggressive intentions, not Chamberlain's attempts to avoid conflict. The statement is therefore an oversimplification: appeasement was a contributory factor, but not the sole or primary cause of the war's inevitability.

END OF ANSWER KEY

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