O Level Biology Genetics Inheritance Quiz

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O-Level Biology Quiz - Genetics Inheritance

Name: ___________________________
Class: ___________________________
Date: ___________________________
Score: _______ / 40

Duration: 50 minutes
Total Marks: 40

Instructions:

• Answer all 20 questions.
• Section A: Multiple-choice (1 mark each).
• Section B: Structured short answers (2 marks each).
• Section C: Extended response and genetics problems (3–4 marks each).
• Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided.

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Section A: Multiple Choice (Questions 1–5)

1. In humans, the allele for free earlobes (F) is dominant over the allele for attached earlobes (f). A child with attached earlobes must have the genotype:
A. FF
B. Ff
C. ff
D. FF or Ff

____ (1)

2. Which process produces genetically identical daughter cells?
A. Meiosis
B. Mitosis
C. Fertilisation
D. Mutation

____ (1)

3. A pea plant with genotype Tt (tall) is crossed with tt (short). What is the probability of a short offspring?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%

____ (1)

4. Sex chromosomes in a human female are:
A. XY
B. XX
C. YY
D. XO

____ (1)

5. A mutation that changes a single base in DNA is best described as:
A. Chromosome deletion
B. Gene mutation
C. Crossing over
D. Polyploidy

____ (1)

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Section B: Structured Short Answers (Questions 6–10)

6. State the term used to describe an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait.
________________________________________________________________ (2)

7. Give two differences between meiosis and mitosis.
(i) ________________________________________________________________
(ii) ________________________________________________________________ (2)

8. Explain why a gamete must contain only half the number of chromosomes of a body cell.
________________________________________________________________ (2)

9. Name the type of inheritance shown when both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote (e.g. AB blood group).
________________________________________________________________ (2)

10. State one way in which a gene mutation may affect a protein.
________________________________________________________________ (2)

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Section C: Extended Response and Genetics Problems (Questions 11–20)

11. In pea plants, round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r). A homozygous round plant is crossed with a wrinkled plant.
(a) State the genotypes of the parent plants. (1)
(b) Give the genotype and phenotype of the F1 offspring. (2)

______________________________________________________________ (3)

12. The diagram below shows a pedigree for a recessive trait in humans.

Image pending generation: diagram for Q12.

State the genotype of the shaded female in Generation II if the trait is caused by a recessive allele a. Explain your answer. (3)

______________________________________________________________ (3)

13. In a certain family, the father is blood group A (genotype I^A i) and the mother is blood group B (genotype I^B i). Show, using a genetic cross, the possible blood groups of their children. (4)

______________________________________________________________ (4)

14. Describe the stages of meiosis I that lead to genetic variation. (3)

______________________________________________________________ (3)

15. A farmer crosses a red-flowered plant (RR) with a white-flowered plant (rr). All F1 are pink. He then selfs the F1.
(a) State the inheritance pattern shown. (1)
(b) Give the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation. (2)

______________________________________________________________ (3)

16. Explain how non-disjunction during meiosis can lead to Down syndrome. (3)

______________________________________________________________ (3)

17. The table shows the results of a cross between two heterozygous Drosophila (fruit flies) for wing shape.

Phenotype	Number
Normal	228
Vestigial	76

Use the data to determine the likely genotype of the parents and explain your reasoning. (4)

______________________________________________________________ (4)

18. Define the term "allele" and distinguish it from "gene". (2)

______________________________________________________________ (2)

19. A genetic condition is caused by a dominant allele (D). Affected male (Dd) marries unaffected female (dd).
(a) Draw a Punnett square for this cross. (2)
(b) State the probability their child is affected. (1)

______________________________________________________________ (3)

20. Suggest how genetic counselling may help a couple who are both carriers of a recessive allele for cystic fibrosis. (3)

______________________________________________________________ (3)

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O-Level Biology Quiz - Genetics Inheritance: Answer Key

Total Marks: 40
Topic: Genetics Inheritance

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Section A: Multiple Choice

1. C (ff) [1]
Teaching note: Attached earlobes is recessive, so the child must have two recessive alleles (ff). A or B would show free earlobes.
Common mistake: choosing Ff because they think one allele is enough; recessive needs both.

2. B (Mitosis) [1]
Teaching note: Mitosis produces two diploid, genetically identical cells for growth and repair. Meiosis produces non-identical gametes.

3. C (50%) [1]
Teaching note: Tt × tt → gametes T, t and t, t. Offspring: Tt (tall), tt (short) → 1:1 → 50% short.

4. B (XX) [1]
Teaching note: Human females have two X chromosomes; males XY.

5. B (Gene mutation) [1]
Teaching note: A single base change is a point/gene mutation. Chromosome deletion affects whole chunks.

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Section B: Structured Short Answers

6. Homozygous (or pure-breeding) [2]
Marking: 1 for term, 1 for correct spelling/context.
Teaching note: Two identical alleles (AA or aa) = homozygous.

7. Two differences: [2]

• Mitosis: 2 diploid cells; Meiosis: 4 haploid cells.
• Mitosis: identical; Meiosis: genetically different.
• Mitosis: one division; Meiosis: two divisions.
  (Any two clear differences, 1 mark each)

8. So that at fertilisation the zygote restores the full diploid number.** [2]
Marking: 1 for "half number in gamete", 1 for "fusion restores diploid".
Teaching note: Gametes are haploid (n); zygote becomes 2n.

9. Codominance (or incomplete dominance for ABO is codominance) [2]
Marking: 1 term, 1 example.
Teaching note: Both alleles expressed (A and B antigens).

10. Change amino acid sequence / non-functional protein / no protein [2]
Marking: 1 for "changes sequence", 1 for effect.
Teaching note: Base change → wrong codon → wrong amino acid.

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Section C: Extended Response

11. [3]
(a) Parents: RR and rr [1]
(b) F1: all Rr, phenotype round [2: 1 genotype, 1 phenotype]
Teaching: Homozygous round = RR, wrinkled = rr. Cross → all Rr round.

12. [3]
Genotype: aa [1]
Explanation: Recessive trait means affected must be homozygous recessive. Both parents must carry a (father affected = aa gives a; mother unshaded but had affected child = carrier Aa). Daughter received a from each. [2]
Marking: 1 genotype, 2 reasoning.

13. [4]
Cross: I^A i × I^B i
Gametes: I^A, i and I^B, i
Offspring: I^A I^B (AB), I^A i (A), I^B i (B), ii (O) [2 for square, 2 for groups]
Ratio 1:1:1:1.
Teaching: Codominant alleles give four groups.

14. [3]

• Prophase I: crossing over exchanges segments. [1]
• Metaphase I: independent assortment of homologous pairs. [1]
• Anaphase I: separation of homologues. [1]
  Teaching: These create new combinations.

15. [3]
(a) Incomplete dominance [1]
(b) F2: RR red, Rr pink, rr white → 1:2:1 [2]
Teaching: F1 Rr pink (blend); self → 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white.

16. [3]
Non-disjunction = failure of chromosome 21 to separate in meiosis I/II. [1] Gamete gets 2 copies. [1] Fertilisation → trisomy 21 (3 copies). [1]
Teaching: Leads to Down syndrome (47 chromosomes).

17. [4]
Ratio 228:76 ≈ 3:1 [1] → parents heterozygous (Vv × Vv) [1] Normal dominant (V), vestigial recessive (v) [1] Expected 3/4 normal, 1/4 vestigial matches data [1].

18. [2]
Allele: alternative form of a gene [1]. Gene: section of DNA coding for trait [1].

19. [3]
(a) Punnett:
| | D | d |
| d | Dd| dd|
| d | Dd| dd| [2]
(b) Probability affected = 50% [1]
Teaching: Dd affected, dd unaffected.

20. [3]

• Explain risk (25% if both carriers). [1]
• Discuss testing / prenatal diagnosis. [1]
• Support decision-making. [1]
  Teaching: Carriers Cc × Cc → 1/4 cc affected.