O Level Principles of Accounts Practice Paper 5

TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper - Principles of Accounts O-Level

Answer Key and Marking Scheme (Version 5)

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Question 1: Inventory Costing Methods (15 marks)

(a) FIFO Method (Perpetual)

(i) Cost of Sales for May 2026 (4 marks)

Date	Transaction	Calculation	Cost of Sales ($)
May 10	Sale of 90 units	80 × $15.00 + 10 ×$16.50	1,200.00 + 165.00 = 1,365.00
May 20	Sale of 140 units	110 × $16.50 + 30 ×$17.00	1,815.00 + 510.00 = 2,325.00
May 28	Sale of 110 units	110 × $17.00 (from remaining May 14 purchase)	1,870.00
Total Cost of Sales			$5,560.00

Marking:

• 1 mark for correct May 10 calculation
• 1 mark for correct May 20 calculation
• 1 mark for correct May 28 calculation
• 1 mark for correct total

(ii) Closing Inventory as at 31 May 2026 (2 marks)

Remaining inventory after all sales:

• From May 14 purchase: 150 − 30 − 110 = 10 units × $17.00 =$170.00
• From May 25 purchase: 100 units × $18.00 =$1,800.00
• Total Closing Inventory = $170.00 +$1,800.00 = $1,970.00

Marking:

• 1 mark for correct identification of remaining layers
• 1 mark for correct valuation

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(b) AVCO Method (Perpetual) (6 marks)

(i) Cost of Sales for May 2026 (4 marks)

Date	Transaction	Calculation	AVCO per unit ($)
May 1	Opening	80 × $15.00 =$1,200.00	15.00
May 6	Purchase	(80 × $15.00 + 120 ×$16.50) ÷ 200 = ($1,200 +$1,980) ÷ 200	15.90
May 10	Sale (90)	90 × $15.90 =$1,431.00	—
	Balance: 110 units	110 × $15.90 =$1,749.00	15.90
May 14	Purchase	(110 × $15.90 + 150 ×$17.00) ÷ 260 = ($1,749 +$2,550) ÷ 260	16.5346
May 20	Sale (140)	140 × $16.5346 =$2,314.84	—
	Balance: 120 units	120 × $16.5346 =$1,984.15	16.5346
May 25	Purchase	(120 × $16.5346 + 100 ×$18.00) ÷ 220 = ($1,984.15 +$1,800) ÷ 220	17.2007
May 28	Sale (110)	110 × $17.2007 =$1,892.08	—
	Balance: 110 units	110 × $17.2007 =$1,892.08	17.2007

Total Cost of Sales = $1,431.00 +$2,314.84 + $1,892.08 =$5,637.92

Marking:

• 1 mark for correct AVCO after May 6 purchase
• 1 mark for correct AVCO after May 14 purchase and May 20 sale
• 1 mark for correct AVCO after May 25 purchase and May 28 sale
• 1 mark for correct total cost of sales (accept minor rounding differences)

(ii) Closing Inventory as at 31 May 2026 (2 marks)

Closing Inventory = 110 units × $17.2007 =$1,892.08

Marking:

• 1 mark for correct number of units (110)
• 1 mark for correct valuation

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(c) Comparison and Explanation (3 marks)

Under FIFO, the reported gross profit would be higher. This is because FIFO charges the older, lower-cost inventory to cost of sales first ($5,560.00 vs$5,637.92 under AVCO), resulting in a lower cost of sales and therefore higher gross profit during a period of rising prices.

A business might still choose AVCO because it smooths out price fluctuations, providing a more stable gross profit figure over time. This can be useful for long-term planning and avoids large swings in reported profit when purchase prices are volatile.

Marking:

• 1 mark for correctly identifying FIFO as giving higher gross profit
• 1 mark for explaining why (lower cost of sales due to older, cheaper inventory)
• 1 mark for a valid reason to choose AVCO (e.g., smooths fluctuations, more stable profit reporting, better matching of costs)

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Question 2: Inventory Valuation and Financial Effects (15 marks)

(a) Adjusted Cost of Sales (6 marks)

	$
Opening Inventory	24,600
Add: Purchases (186,400 + 2,800)	189,200
Less: Closing Inventory (adjusted)	(see below)
Cost of Sales	?

Adjusted Closing Inventory:

	$
Closing inventory per physical count	28,200
Add: Goods sold but not yet collected (item 3)	1,600
Less: Damaged goods at cost (item 2)	(3,500)
Add: Damaged goods at NRV (item 2)	800
Adjusted Closing Inventory	27,100

NRV of damaged goods = $1,200 −$400 = $800

Adjusted Cost of Sales:

	$
Opening Inventory	24,600
Add: Purchases	189,200
Cost of Goods Available for Sale	213,800
Less: Adjusted Closing Inventory	(27,100)
Adjusted Cost of Sales	186,700

Marking:

• 1 mark for adjusting purchases (+$2,800)
• 1 mark for adding back goods sold but excluded from count (+$1,600)
• 1 mark for removing damaged goods at cost (−$3,500)
• 1 mark for adding damaged goods at NRV (+$800)
• 1 mark for correct adjusted closing inventory ($27,100)
• 1 mark for correct adjusted cost of sales ($186,700)

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(b) Income Statement Extract (4 marks)

Boon Hardware Extract from Income Statement for the year ended 31 December 2025

	$	$
Revenue		310,000
Less: Cost of Sales:
Opening Inventory	24,600
Add: Purchases	189,200
Cost of Goods Available for Sale	213,800
Less: Closing Inventory	(27,100)
Cost of Sales		(186,700)
Gross Profit		123,300

Marking:

• 1 mark for correct format and headings
• 1 mark for correct revenue
• 1 mark for correct cost of sales calculation shown
• 1 mark for correct gross profit

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(c) Accounting Concept (3 marks)

The accounting concept is the Prudence Concept. This concept states that assets and profits should not be overstated, and liabilities and expenses should not be understated. It requires accountants to exercise caution when making estimates and to recognise potential losses as soon as they are identified.

Application to damaged goods: The damaged goods originally cost $3,500, but their net realisable value (NRV) is only$800 ($1,200 selling price −$400 repair costs). Applying the prudence concept, the inventory should be valued at the lower of cost and NRV, which is $800. This results in a write-down of$2,700, ensuring that inventory is not overstated on the Statement of Financial Position and that the loss is recognised in the Income Statement.

Marking:

• 1 mark for correctly stating the Prudence Concept
• 1 mark for explaining the concept (assets/profits not overstated)
• 1 mark for explaining application to damaged goods (lower of cost and NRV, $800 valuation)

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(d) Inventory Turnover and Days Sales in Inventory (2 marks)

Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of Sales ÷ Average Inventory

Average Inventory = ($24,600 +$27,100) ÷ 2 = $25,850

Inventory Turnover Ratio = $186,700 ÷$25,850 = 7.22 times

Days Sales in Inventory = 365 ÷ Inventory Turnover Ratio

Days Sales in Inventory = 365 ÷ 7.22 = 50.55 days

Marking:

• 1 mark for correct inventory turnover ratio (7.22 times)
• 1 mark for correct days sales in inventory (50.55 days)

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Question 3: Inventory Errors and Correction (15 marks)

(a) Statement of Corrected Gross Profit (8 marks)

Celine Fashion Statement of Corrected Gross Profit for the year ended 30 June 2026

	$	$
Draft Gross Profit		92,400
Error 1: Purchase not recorded
Purchases understated → Cost of Sales understated → Gross Profit overstated	(4,500)
Error 2: Purchase returns recorded but goods still in closing inventory
Closing inventory overstated → Cost of Sales understated → Gross Profit overstated	(2,200)
Error 3: Goods sold but still in closing inventory
Closing inventory overstated → Cost of Sales understated → Gross Profit overstated	(3,200)
Error 4: Obsolete stock write-off
Closing inventory overstated → Cost of Sales understated → Gross Profit overstated	(1,800)
Total Adjustments		(11,700)
Corrected Gross Profit		80,700

Marking:

• 1 mark for correct starting figure ($92,400)
• 1 mark for correct adjustment for Error 1 (−$4,500) with explanation
• 1 mark for correct adjustment for Error 2 (−$2,200) with explanation
• 1 mark for correct adjustment for Error 3 (−$3,200) with explanation
• 1 mark for correct adjustment for Error 4 (−$1,800) with explanation
• 1 mark for correct total adjustments (−$11,700)
• 1 mark for correct corrected gross profit ($80,700)
• 1 mark for clear presentation and format

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(b) Journal Entry for Error 4 (3 marks)

Date	Particulars	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
30 Jun 2026	Inventory Write-Down Expense	1,800
	Inventory		1,800
	(To write off obsolete inventory with no resale value)

Marking:

• 1 mark for correct debit entry (Inventory Write-Down Expense / Cost of Sales)
• 1 mark for correct credit entry (Inventory)
• 1 mark for correct narration

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(c) Internal Control Measures (4 marks)

Two internal control measures:

1. Segregation of Duties: Different staff members should be responsible for recording inventory purchases, receiving goods, and conducting physical inventory counts. This reduces the risk of errors or fraud, as no single person controls all aspects of inventory. For example, the person receiving goods should not be the same person recording purchases in the accounting system.

2. Regular Physical Inventory Counts with Reconciliation: Conduct periodic physical inventory counts (e.g., monthly or quarterly) and reconcile them to the inventory records. Any discrepancies should be investigated promptly. This would help identify errors such as goods received but not recorded (Error 1) or goods returned but still counted (Error 2) in a timely manner.

Marking:

• 1 mark for each valid control measure identified (2 marks total)
• 1 mark for each clear explanation of how it prevents errors (2 marks total)
• Accept other valid measures such as: use of purchase orders and goods received notes, proper documentation for all inventory movements, cut-off procedures at year-end, regular review of obsolete/slow-moving stock

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Question 4: Inventory Decision-Making Scenario (15 marks)

(a) Calculations (3 marks)

(i) Inventory Turnover Ratio

Average Inventory = ($38,000 +$46,000) ÷ 2 = $42,000

Inventory Turnover Ratio = $336,000 ÷$42,000 = 8 times

(ii) Days Sales in Inventory

Days Sales in Inventory = 365 ÷ 8 = 45.63 days

(iii) Gross Profit Margin

Gross Profit = $480,000 −$336,000 = $144,000

Gross Profit Margin = ($144,000 ÷$480,000) × 100 = 30%

Marking:

• 1 mark for correct inventory turnover ratio (8 times)
• 1 mark for correct days sales in inventory (45.63 days)
• 1 mark for correct gross profit margin (30%)

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(b) Comparison with Industry Average (3 marks)

Inventory Management: GreenLeaf's inventory turnover ratio is 8 times, compared to the industry average of 9 times. Its days sales in inventory is 45.63 days, compared to the industry average of 40.56 days. This indicates that GreenLeaf is holding inventory for approximately 5 days longer than the industry average, suggesting less efficient inventory management. The business may be holding excess stock or experiencing slower sales relative to its inventory levels.

Profitability: GreenLeaf's gross profit margin is 30%, compared to the industry average of 32%. This is slightly below the industry average, indicating that GreenLeaf may have higher cost of goods sold relative to its revenue, or it may be pricing its products more competitively (lower mark-up).

Marking:

• 1 mark for comparing inventory turnover/days sales in inventory and concluding less efficient
• 1 mark for comparing gross profit margin and concluding below average
• 1 mark for overall coherent commentary

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(c) Evaluation of Option A (5 marks)

Effect on Inventory Turnover Ratio:

New Average Inventory = $42,000 × (1 − 0.30) =$42,000 × 0.70 = $29,400

New Inventory Turnover Ratio = $336,000 ÷$29,400 = 11.43 times

The inventory turnover ratio would improve from 8 times to 11.43 times, exceeding the industry average of 9 times.

Advantage of JIT: Reduced inventory holding costs (e.g., storage, insurance, obsolescence risk). With lower inventory levels, GreenLeaf would free up cash that is currently tied up in stock, improving liquidity.

Disadvantage of JIT: Increased risk of stock-outs. If suppliers fail to deliver on time or there is an unexpected surge in demand, GreenLeaf may not have sufficient inventory to meet customer needs, potentially resulting in lost sales and customer dissatisfaction. The additional ordering costs of $8,000 per year would also reduce net profit.

Marking:

• 1 mark for correct new average inventory ($29,400)
• 1 mark for correct new inventory turnover ratio (11.43 times)
• 1 mark for valid advantage (e.g., lower holding costs, improved cash flow, reduced obsolescence)
• 1 mark for valid disadvantage (e.g., stock-out risk, increased ordering costs, supplier dependency)
• 1 mark for linking to GreenLeaf's context

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(d) Evaluation of Option B (4 marks)

Estimated Revenue for Promotional Month:

Normal monthly revenue = $40,000 Discounted price = 90% of normal price Increased volume = 140% of normal volume

Estimated Revenue = $40,000 × 0.90 × 1.40 =$50,400

Estimated Gross Profit for Promotional Month:

Normal monthly gross profit = $40,000 × 30$12,000 Normal monthly cost of sales = $40,000 −$12,000 = $28,000

Additional units sold: 40% increase in volume Additional cost of sales = $28,000 × 0.40 =$11,200

Total cost of sales for promotional month = $28,000 +$11,200 = $39,200 Estimated Gross Profit =$50,400 − $39,200 =$11,200

Comparison: Normal monthly gross profit is $12,000. Under Option B, gross profit would be$11,200, a decrease of $800 for the month.

Recommendation: Nadia should not proceed with Option B. Although revenue would increase from $40,000 to$50,400, the gross profit would decrease from $12,000 to$11,200. The discount reduces the profit margin on all units sold, and the increased volume does not fully compensate for this reduction. The promotion would also lower the overall gross profit margin.

Marking:

• 1 mark for correct estimated revenue ($50,400)
• 1 mark for correct estimated gross profit ($11,200)
• 1 mark for clear recommendation (not proceed)
• 1 mark for justified reason (gross profit decreases despite higher revenue, margin erosion)

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END OF ANSWER KEY