A Level H1 Physics Waves Sound Light Quiz

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A-Level Physics H1 Quiz - Waves Sound Light

Name: ___________________________
Class: ___________________________
Date: ___________________________
Score: ________ / 50

Duration: 60 minutes
Total Marks: 50

Instructions:

• Answer ALL questions.
• Show all working clearly. Marks are awarded for correct reasoning and method, not only for the final answer.
• Use $g = 9.81 \text{ m s}^{-2}$ where needed.
• Write your answers in the spaces provided.
• The number of marks for each question or part-question is shown in brackets [ ].

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Section A: Multiple Choice (Questions 1–5) [10 marks]

Each question carries 2 marks. Choose the ONE best answer.

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1. A transverse wave travels along a string. Which of the following statements about the motion of a particle in the string is correct?

A. The particle moves in the same direction as the wave propagation.
B. The particle moves perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
C. The particle remains stationary as the wave passes through it.
D. The particle moves in a circular path.

 

Answer: ______________ [2]

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2. A wave has a frequency of 250 Hz and a wavelength of 1.36 m. What is the speed of the wave?

A. 184 m s⁻¹
B. 250 m s⁻¹
C. 340 m s⁻¹
D. 500 m s⁻¹

 

Answer: ______________ [2]

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3. Which of the following is a property of longitudinal waves only?

A. They can be polarised.
B. They consist of compressions and rarefactions.
C. They travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.
D. They can undergo diffraction.

 

Answer: ______________ [2]

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4. Two coherent sources produce waves that interfere at a point P. The path difference at P is $\frac{3\lambda}{2}$. What type of interference occurs at P?

A. Constructive interference — a bright fringe is formed.
B. Destructive interference — a dark fringe is formed.
C. Neither constructive nor destructive interference.
D. The type of interference depends on the amplitude of the waves.

 

Answer: ______________ [2]

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5. A diffraction grating has 500 lines per mm. Light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on the grating. What is the angle of the first-order maximum?

A. 17.5°
B. 20.3°
C. 30.0°
D. 36.9°

 

Answer: ______________ [2]

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Section B: Structured Questions (Questions 6–15) [25 marks]

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6. (a) Define the term amplitude of a wave. [1]

 

 

(b) Define the term frequency of a wave. [1]

 

 

(c) State the relationship between wave speed $v$, frequency $f$, and wavelength $\lambda$. [1]

 

 

[3]

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7. A progressive wave is described by the equation:

$y = 0.04 \sin(8\pi t - 0.4\pi x)$

where $y$ is in metres, $t$ is in seconds, and $x$ is in metres.

(a) Determine the amplitude of the wave. [1]

 

 

(b) Determine the frequency of the wave. [1]

 

 

(c) Determine the wavelength of the wave. [1]

 

 

(d) Calculate the speed of the wave. [1]

 

 

[4]

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8. (a) State the principle of superposition of waves. [2]

 

 

 

(b) Two coherent sound waves of equal amplitude meet at a point. Explain, using the principle of superposition, what happens when the path difference between the two waves is exactly one wavelength. [2]

 

 

 

[4]

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9. A student sets up a demonstration of Young's double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength 590 nm. The slit separation is 0.25 mm and the screen is placed 1.5 m from the slits.

Generated experimental_setup for Q9.

(a) Calculate the fringe separation (distance between adjacent bright fringes) on the screen. [3]

 

 

 

 

(b) State and explain what happens to the fringe separation if the slit separation is increased. [2]

 

 

 

[5]

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10. (a) Explain what is meant by polarisation of a wave. [2]

 

 

 

(b) State the type of wave (transverse or longitudinal) that can be polarised, and explain why the other type cannot be polarised. [2]

 

 

 

[4]

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11. A stationary wave is formed on a string of length 1.2 m fixed at both ends. The string vibrates in its third harmonic.

Generated diagram for Q11.

(a) On the diagram above, label the positions of the nodes (N) and antinodes (A). [1]

(b) Calculate the wavelength of the stationary wave. [2]

 

 

 

(c) If the speed of waves on the string is 240 m/s, calculate the frequency of the third harmonic. [2]

 

 

 

[5]

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12. A source of sound emits waves of frequency 850 Hz. The speed of sound in air is 340 m s⁻¹.

(a) Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave. [2]

 

 

 

(b) The sound source moves towards a stationary observer at a speed of 30 m s⁻¹. Calculate the apparent frequency heard by the observer. [3]

 

 

 

 

[5]

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13. (a) State two conditions necessary for two sources to be coherent. [2]

 

 

 

(b) Explain why coherent sources are necessary to observe a stable interference pattern. [2]

 

 

 

[4]

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14. A diffraction grating is used to observe the spectrum of a monochromatic light source. The grating has 400 lines per mm. The second-order maximum is observed at an angle of 25.0°.

(a) Calculate the spacing $d$ between adjacent slits of the grating. [2]

 

 

 

(b) Calculate the wavelength of the light. [2]

 

 

 

(c) Determine the highest order of maximum that can be observed with this grating and this wavelength. [2]

 

 

 

 

[6]

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15. A beam of white light is passed through a diffraction grating and produces a spectrum on a screen.

Generated diagram for Q15.

(a) Explain why the central maximum appears white. [2]

 

 

 

(b) Explain why red light is diffracted more than violet light. [2]

 

 

 

[4]

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Section C: Free Response (Questions 16–20) [15 marks]

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16. A progressive transverse wave travels along a string in the positive $x$-direction. The displacement $y$ of a particle at position $x$ and time $t$ is given by:

$y = 3.0 \sin(12\pi t - 0.6\pi x) \text{ mm}$

(a) Show that the speed of the wave is 20 m s⁻¹. [2]

 

 

 

(b) Calculate the maximum speed of oscillation of a particle in the string. [2]

 

 

 

(c) Two particles in the string are separated by a distance of 8.33 mm along the $x$-axis. Determine the phase difference between them. [3]

 

 

 

 

[7]

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17. A student investigates stationary waves on a stretched string. The string is fixed at one end and passes over a pulley, with a mass hanging from the free end to provide tension. The student adjusts the frequency of the vibrator until the first harmonic (fundamental mode) is observed.

Generated experimental_setup for Q17.

The length of the string between the fixed end and the pulley is 0.80 m. The hanging mass is 0.50 kg. The frequency of the fundamental mode is 60 Hz.

(a) Explain why a node forms at the fixed end and an antinode forms at the pulley end. [2]

 

 

 

(b) Calculate the wavelength of the fundamental mode. [2]

 

 

 

(c) Calculate the speed of waves on the string. [2]

 

 

 

(d) Calculate the linear mass density $\mu$ of the string. [3]

 

 

 

 

[9]

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18. Two loudspeakers A and B are connected to the same signal generator and emit sound waves of frequency 1700 Hz in phase. The speed of sound in air is 340 m s⁻¹. A listener walks along a line parallel to the line joining the two loudspeakers, as shown in the diagram.

Generated diagram for Q18.

(a) Calculate the wavelength of the sound. [1]

 

 

(b) Explain why the listener hears a loud sound at point P. [2]

 

 

 

(c) The listener moves slowly away from point P along the path. The sound intensity decreases to a minimum, then increases again. Calculate the distance from point P to the first minimum. [4]

 

 

 

 

 

[7]

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19. (a) Explain what is meant by the refraction of a wave. [2]

 

 

 

(b) A plane wavefront in medium 1 strikes the boundary with medium 2 at an angle of incidence of 45°. The speed of the wave in medium 1 is $3.0 \times 10^8$ m s⁻¹ and in medium 2 is $2.0 \times 10^8$ m s⁻¹.

Generated diagram for Q19.

(i) Calculate the refractive index of medium 2 relative to medium 1. [2]

 

 

 

(ii) Calculate the angle of refraction. [2]

 

 

 

[6]

---

20. A microwave transmitter emits microwaves of wavelength 3.0 cm towards a metal plate. The microwaves reflect off the plate and interfere with the incident waves, forming a stationary wave pattern. A detector is moved along the line between the transmitter and the plate.

Generated experimental_setup for Q20.

(a) Explain why a node is formed at the surface of the metal plate. [2]

 

 

 

(b) The detector records successive minima separated by a distance of 1.5 cm. Explain this observation and verify that it is consistent with the given wavelength. [3]

 

 

 

 

(c) The transmitter is now moved slowly towards the plate. Describe what the detector records and explain why. [2]

 

 

 

[7]

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A-Level Physics H1 Quiz - Waves Sound Light

Answer Key and Teaching Notes

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Section A: Multiple Choice

1. Answer: B [2]

Teaching Notes: In a transverse wave, the displacement of particles is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. For a wave on a string, the string moves up and down (or side to side) while the wave travels horizontally along the string. Option A describes longitudinal waves. Option C is incorrect because particles do oscillate. Option D describes circular/elliptical motion, which is not typical for a simple transverse wave on a string.

---

2. Answer: C [2]

Working: Using the wave equation $v = f\lambda$: $v = 250 \times 1.36 = 340 \text{ m s}^{-1}$

Teaching Notes: This is a direct application of the fundamental wave equation. Students should always check units — frequency in Hz and wavelength in metres gives speed in m s⁻¹. The value 340 m s⁻¹ is also the approximate speed of sound in air at room temperature, which is a useful reference value to remember.

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3. Answer: B [2]

Teaching Notes: Longitudinal waves consist of compressions (regions of high pressure/particle density) and rarefactions (regions of low pressure/particle density). Option A is incorrect because only transverse waves can be polarised. Option C is incorrect because only electromagnetic (transverse) waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum. Option D is incorrect because both transverse and longitudinal waves can undergo diffraction.

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4. Answer: B [2]

Teaching Notes: Destructive interference occurs when the path difference is an odd multiple of half-wavelengths: $(n + \frac{1}{2})\lambda$ where $n = 0, 1, 2, \ldots$. Here, $\frac{3\lambda}{2}$ corresponds to $n = 1$, so destructive interference occurs and a dark fringe is formed. Constructive interference occurs when the path difference is a whole number of wavelengths ($n\lambda$).

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5. Answer: A [2]

Working: The diffraction grating equation is $d\sin\theta = n\lambda$.

Slit spacing: $d = \frac{1}{500} \text{ mm} = \frac{1 \times 10^{-3}}{500} = 2.0 \times 10^{-6} \text{ m}$

For the first-order maximum ($n = 1$): $\sin\theta = \frac{n\lambda}{d} = \frac{1 \times 600 \times 10^{-9}}{2.0 \times 10^{-6}} = 0.30$ $\theta = \sin^{-1}(0.30) = 17.5°$

Teaching Notes: Students must convert units carefully — lines per mm to slit spacing in metres, and nm to metres. The grating equation $d\sin\theta = n\lambda$ is fundamental. Common errors include forgetting to convert units or using the wrong order $n$.

---

Section B: Structured Questions

6. (a) Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium (mean) position. [1]

(b) Frequency is the number of complete oscillations (cycles) per unit time, measured in hertz (Hz). [1]

(c) The wave equation: $v = f\lambda$ [1]

Teaching Notes: These are fundamental definitions. Amplitude relates to the energy carried by the wave (energy $\propto$ amplitude²). Frequency is determined by the source and does not change when the wave moves from one medium to another.

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7. (a) Comparing $y = 0.04 \sin(8\pi t - 0.4\pi x)$ with the general form $y = A\sin(\omega t - kx)$:

Amplitude $A = 0.04$ m [1]

(b) Angular frequency $\omega = 8\pi$ rad s⁻¹. Since $\omega = 2\pi f$: $f = \frac{\omega}{2\pi} = \frac{8\pi}{2\pi} = 4.0 \text{ Hz}$ [1]

(c) Wave number $k = 0.4\pi$ rad m⁻¹. Since $k = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda}$: $\lambda = \frac{2\pi}{k} = \frac{2\pi}{0.4\pi} = 5.0 \text{ m}$ [1]

(d) Wave speed: $v = f\lambda = 4.0 \times 5.0 = 20$ m s⁻¹ [1]

Teaching Notes: Students must be able to extract $A$, $\omega$, and $k$ from the wave equation and relate them to physical quantities. The general form $y = A\sin(\omega t - kx)$ represents a wave travelling in the $+x$ direction. Common errors include confusing $\omega$ with $f$ or $k$ with $\lambda$.

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8. (a) The principle of superposition states that when two or more waves meet at a point, the resultant displacement is the vector sum of the individual displacements of the waves at that point. [2]

(b) When the path difference is exactly one wavelength ($\Delta x = \lambda$), the two waves arrive in phase at that point. By the principle of superposition, the displacements of the two waves add constructively, producing a resultant wave with amplitude equal to the sum of the individual amplitudes. This is constructive interference and a bright fringe (maximum) is observed. [2]

Teaching Notes: Superposition is a fundamental principle. Students should understand that it applies to displacement, not intensity. When waves are in phase, they reinforce; when out of phase by half a wavelength, they cancel.

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9. (a) Using the fringe separation formula for Young's double-slit experiment: $y = \frac{\lambda D}{d}$

Substituting values: $y = \frac{590 \times 10^{-9} \times 1.5}{0.25 \times 10^{-3}}$ $y = \frac{8.85 \times 10^{-7}}{2.5 \times 10^{-4}}$ $y = 3.54 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m} = 3.54 \text{ mm}$ [3]

[1 mark for correct formula, 1 mark for correct substitution, 1 mark for correct answer with unit]

(b) From $y = \frac{\lambda D}{d}$, if the slit separation $d$ is increased, the fringe separation $y$ decreases. The fringes become closer together. [2]

[1 mark for stating fringe separation decreases, 1 mark for explanation referencing the formula]

Teaching Notes: The fringe separation formula is derived from the geometry of the setup. Students should understand that $y \propto 1/d$ — increasing slit separation compresses the pattern. This is a standard H1 question type.

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10. (a) Polarisation is the process by which the oscillations of a wave are restricted to a single plane (or direction) perpendicular to the direction of propagation. [2]

(b) Only transverse waves can be polarised. [1] This is because the oscillations in a transverse wave are perpendicular to the direction of propagation, so it is possible to restrict them to a particular direction using a polarising filter. Longitudinal waves cannot be polarised because their oscillations are parallel to the direction of propagation — there is no preferred transverse direction to restrict. [1]

Teaching Notes: Polarisation is a key distinguishing property of transverse waves. Electromagnetic waves (light) are transverse and can be polarised; sound waves are longitudinal and cannot. Students often confuse polarisation with other wave phenomena.

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11. (a) Nodes (N) at both ends and at the centre (0.60 m). Antinodes (A) at 0.20 m, 0.60 m is a node, and 1.00 m — wait, for the third harmonic on a string fixed at both ends: nodes at 0, 0.60, and 1.20 m; antinodes at 0.30, 0.60...

[Correction for the answer key:] For the third harmonic on a string fixed at both ends, there are 3 half-wavelengths fitting into length $L$. Nodes at $x = 0, L/3, 2L/3, L$ i.e., at 0, 0.40, 0.80, and 1.20 m. Antinodes at $x = L/6, L/2, 5L/6$ i.e., at 0.20, 0.60, and 1.00 m. [1]

[The image_placeholder should show: nodes at both ends and two equally spaced nodes between them; antinodes between each pair of adjacent nodes]

(b) For the third harmonic: $L = \frac{3\lambda}{2}$, so: $\lambda = \frac{2L}{3} = \frac{2 \times 1.2}{3} = 0.80 \text{ m}$ [2]

[1 mark for correct relationship, 1 mark for correct answer]

(c) Using $v = f\lambda$: $f = \frac{v}{\lambda} = \frac{240}{0.80} = 300 \text{ Hz}$ [2]

[1 mark for correct formula, 1 mark for correct answer]

Teaching Notes: For a string fixed at both ends, the harmonic number $n$ relates to wavelength by $L = \frac{n\lambda}{2}$, so $\lambda = \frac{2L}{n}$. The third harmonic has $n = 3$. Students should be able to draw and label the standing wave pattern for any harmonic.

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12. (a) Using $v = f\lambda$: $\lambda = \frac{v}{f} = \frac{340}{850} = 0.40 \text{ m}$ [2]

[1 mark for formula, 1 mark for answer with unit]

(b) Using the Doppler effect formula for a source moving towards a stationary observer: $f' = \frac{v}{v - v_s} \times f$

where $v = 340$ m s⁻¹, $v_s = 30$ m s⁻¹, $f = 850$ Hz: $f' = \frac{340}{340 - 30} \times 850 = \frac{340}{310} \times 850 = 932 \text{ Hz}$ [3]

[1 mark for correct formula, 1 mark for correct substitution, 1 mark for correct answer]

Teaching Notes: The Doppler effect formula depends on whether the source or observer is moving. For a source moving towards a stationary observer, the observed frequency increases. The denominator is $(v - v_s)$ because the source is approaching. Common errors include using the wrong sign or confusing source/observer motion formulas.

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13. (a) Two conditions for coherence: [2]

1. The waves must have the same frequency (or wavelength).
2. They must have a constant phase difference (i.e., the phase relationship does not change with time).

(b) Coherent sources are necessary because if the phase difference between the two sources varies randomly with time, the positions of constructive and destructive interference would change rapidly. The interference pattern would shift back and forth and average out, making it impossible to observe a stable (stationary) pattern. With a constant phase difference, the positions of maxima and minima remain fixed, allowing a clear pattern to be observed. [2]

Teaching Notes: Coherence is essential for observable interference. Students should understand that "constant phase difference" is the key requirement — two sources can have the same frequency but if their phase difference drifts, no stable pattern forms.

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14. (a) The slit spacing $d$ is the reciprocal of the number of lines per metre: $d = \frac{1}{400 \times 10^3} = 2.5 \times 10^{-6} \text{ m} = 2500 \text{ nm}$ [2]

[1 mark for conversion, 1 mark for answer]

(b) Using the grating equation $d\sin\theta = n\lambda$: $\lambda = \frac{d\sin\theta}{n} = \frac{2.5 \times 10^{-6} \times \sin 25.0°}{2}$ $\lambda = \frac{2.5 \times 10^{-6} \times 0.4226}{2} = 5.28 \times 10^{-7} \text{ m} = 528 \text{ nm}$ [2]

[1 mark for formula, 1 mark for answer]

(c) The maximum order occurs when $\sin\theta = 1$: $n_{\max} = \frac{d}{\lambda} = \frac{2.5 \times 10^{-6}}{5.28 \times 10^{-7}} = 4.73$

Since $n$ must be an integer, the highest order is $n = 4$. [2]

[1 mark for setting sin θ = 1, 1 mark for correct integer answer]

Teaching Notes: The maximum order is found by setting $\sin\theta = 1$ (the maximum possible value). Any non-integer result is rounded down to the nearest whole number. Students should be careful with unit conversions (lines per mm to lines per metre).

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15. (a) At the central maximum ($n = 0$), the path difference between waves from all parts of the grating is zero for all wavelengths. Therefore, all colours (wavelengths) undergo constructive interference at the same point, and they combine to produce white light. [2]

(b) The diffraction grating equation is $d\sin\theta = n\lambda$. For a given order $n$ and slit spacing $d$, the angle $\theta$ is proportional to the wavelength $\lambda$. Red light has a longer wavelength than violet light, so red light is diffracted through a larger angle. This is why red appears on the outer edge of the spectrum and violet on the inner edge. [2]

Teaching Notes: Dispersion by a grating separates colours because the diffraction angle depends on wavelength. Red (~700 nm) diffracts more than violet (~400 nm). This is the opposite of what happens in a prism, where violet is refracted more — students sometimes confuse these.

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Section C: Free Response

16. (a) Comparing $y = 3.0\sin(12\pi t - 0.6\pi x)$ with $y = A\sin(\omega t - kx)$:

$\omega = 12\pi$ rad s⁻¹, $k = 0.6\pi$ rad m⁻¹

Wave speed: $v = \frac{\omega}{k} = \frac{12\pi}{0.6\pi} = 20$ m s⁻¹ ✓ [2]

[1 mark for identifying ω and k, 1 mark for correct calculation]

(b) The maximum particle speed is given by $v_{\max} = \omega A$:

$v_{\max} = 12\pi \times 3.0 \times 10^{-3} = 0.113$ m s⁻¹ [2]

[1 mark for formula, 1 mark for correct answer]

[Note: particle speed is different from wave speed. The particle oscillates with SHM, and its maximum speed is ωA.]

(c) Phase difference $\Delta\phi = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda} \times \Delta x$

First find $\lambda$: $k = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda} = 0.6\pi$, so $\lambda = \frac{2\pi}{0.6\pi} = \frac{10}{3} = 3.33$ m

$\Delta x = 8.33$ mm $= 8.33 \times 10^{-3}$ m

$\Delta\phi = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda} \times \Delta x = 0.6\pi \times 8.33 \times 10^{-3} = 5.0 \times 10^{-3}\pi \text{ rad}$

$\Delta\phi = 0.005\pi$ rad $= 0.0157$ rad $\approx 0.90°$ [3]

[1 mark for correct formula, 1 mark for finding λ, 1 mark for correct answer]

Teaching Notes: This question tests understanding of the wave equation in detail. Students must distinguish between wave speed ($v = \omega/k$) and maximum particle speed ($v_{\max} = \omega A$). The phase difference between two points depends on their separation relative to the wavelength.

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17. (a) At the fixed end, the string cannot move, so the displacement is always zero — this is a node. At the pulley end, the string is free to vibrate vertically (the pulley allows transverse motion), so this end is free to oscillate with maximum amplitude — this is an antinode. [2]

(b) For the fundamental mode with a node at one end and an antinode at the other, the length of the string is one-quarter of a wavelength: $L = \frac{\lambda}{4}$ $\lambda = 4L = 4 \times 0.80 = 3.2 \text{ m}$ [2]

[1 mark for correct relationship, 1 mark for answer]

(c) Wave speed: $v = f\lambda = 60 \times 3.2 = 192$ m s⁻¹ [2]

[1 mark for formula, 1 mark for answer]

(d) The speed of a wave on a string is given by $v = \sqrt{\frac{T}{\mu}}$, where $T$ is tension and $\mu$ is linear mass density.

Tension: $T = Mg = 0.50 \times 9.81 = 4.905$ N

From $v^2 = \frac{T}{\mu}$: $\mu = \frac{T}{v^2} = \frac{4.905}{192^2} = \frac{4.905}{36864} = 1.33 \times 10^{-4} \text{ kg m}^{-1}$ [3]

[1 mark for tension calculation, 1 mark for correct formula, 1 mark for answer]

Teaching Notes: This is a multi-part question combining several concepts. The fundamental mode for a string fixed at one end and free at the other has $L = \lambda/4$ (not $L = \lambda/2$ as for both ends fixed). Students must be careful to identify the correct boundary conditions. The wave-on-a-string formula $v = \sqrt{T/\mu}$ is essential.

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18. (a) $\lambda = \frac{v}{f} = \frac{340}{1700} = 0.20$ m [1]

(b) At point P, the listener is equidistant from both loudspeakers. The path difference is zero, so the two waves arrive in phase. Constructive interference occurs, producing a loud sound. [2]

(c) For the first minimum (destructive interference), the path difference must be $\frac{\lambda}{2} = 0.10$ m.

Let the listener be at a distance $x$ from P along the path. The distances from A and B to the listener are: $r_A = \sqrt{(1.0 - x)^2 + 3.0^2} = \sqrt{(1.0 - x)^2 + 9}$ $r_B = \sqrt{(1.0 + x)^2 + 3.0^2} = \sqrt{(1.0 + x)^2 + 9}$

For the first minimum: $r_B - r_A = 0.10$ m

By symmetry, for small $x$ near P, we can use the approximation for the path difference in a two-source interference setup. The path difference at a point at distance $x$ from the central axis is approximately: $\Delta r \approx \frac{d \cdot x}{\sqrt{D^2 + x^2}}$

where $d = 2.0$ m (separation) and $D = 3.0$ m (perpendicular distance).

For the first minimum: $\Delta r = \frac{\lambda}{2} = 0.10$ m

$\frac{d \cdot x}{\sqrt{D^2 + x^2}} = 0.10$

Since $x$ is small compared to $D$, $\sqrt{D^2 + x^2} \approx D = 3.0$ m:

$\frac{2.0 \times x}{3.0} = 0.10$ $x = \frac{0.10 \times 3.0}{2.0} = 0.15 \text{ m}$ [4]

[1 mark for identifying path difference = λ/2, 1 mark for setting up geometry, 1 mark for approximation, 1 mark for answer]

Teaching Notes: This is a challenging two-source interference problem. The key insight is that at the first minimum, the path difference equals half a wavelength. The small-angle approximation simplifies the calculation. Students should be comfortable with the geometry of the two-source setup.

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19. (a) Refraction is the change in direction (and speed) of a wave when it passes from one medium to another, due to the change in wave speed in the different media. [2]

(b)(i) The refractive index of medium 2 relative to medium 1: $n = \frac{v_1}{v_2} = \frac{3.0 \times 10^8}{2.0 \times 10^8} = 1.50$ [2]

[1 mark for correct formula, 1 mark for answer]

(ii) Using Snell's law: $n_1 \sin i = n_2 \sin r$

Since $n_{21} = \frac{v_1}{v_2} = 1.50$: $\frac{\sin i}{\sin r} = \frac{v_1}{v_2} = 1.50$ $\sin r = \frac{\sin i}{1.50} = \frac{\sin 45°}{1.50} = \frac{0.7071}{1.50} = 0.4714$ $r = \sin^{-1}(0.4714) = 28.1°$ [2]

[1 mark for applying Snell's law, 1 mark for correct answer]

Teaching Notes: Refraction occurs because the wave speed changes between media. The refractive index $n = v_1/v_2 = \sin i / \sin r$. When entering a slower medium ($v_2 < v_1$), the wave bends towards the normal ($r < i$). Students should be able to use both the wave-speed ratio and Snell's law.

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20. (a) At the surface of the metal plate, the incident and reflected microwaves superpose. The metal plate acts as a reflector and the electric field of the electromagnetic wave must be zero at the surface (the free electrons in the metal rearrange to cancel the field). This means the incident and reflected waves must cancel at the surface, forming a node (point of zero amplitude). [2]

(b) In a stationary wave, adjacent nodes (or adjacent minima) are separated by $\frac{\lambda}{2}$. The detector records successive minima separated by 1.5 cm, which equals $\frac{\lambda}{2}$.

Therefore: $\frac{\lambda}{2} = 1.5$ cm, so $\lambda = 3.0$ cm. This is consistent with the given wavelength of 3.0 cm. [3]

[1 mark for identifying node separation = λ/2, 1 mark for calculation, 1 mark for consistency check]

(c) As the transmitter moves towards the plate, the distance between the transmitter and plate decreases. The stationary wave pattern changes — the number of nodes and antinodes between the transmitter and plate decreases. The detector will pass through alternating maxima and minima, but the spacing between successive minima remains $\frac{\lambda}{2} = 1.5$ cm (since the wavelength doesn't change). The signal at the detector will oscillate between maximum and minimum as the pattern shifts. [2]

[1 mark for describing changing pattern, 1 mark for explaining why]

Teaching Notes: This question tests understanding of stationary waves formed by reflection. The node at the metal plate is a boundary condition. The distance between adjacent nodes is always $\lambda/2$. Students should understand that changing the distance between source and reflector changes the number of nodes/antinodes but not their spacing.

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