A Level H2 Geography Fieldwork Quiz

Answer Key - A-Level Geography H2 Quiz (Fieldwork)

1. Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and sampling proportionally from each. (2m) Scenario: If studying urban land use, ensuring each zone (CBD, Residential, Industrial) is represented proportionally to avoid over-representing the CBD. (2m)

2. Research Question: e.g., "To what extent does the average surface temperature differ between the concrete-heavy CBD and the forested Central Catchment Nature Reserve in Singapore?" (2m)

3. Hypothesis vs Research Question: A research question is an open-ended inquiry (e.g., "How does X affect Y?"), whereas a hypothesis is a testable statement predicting a specific relationship (e.g., "As X increases, Y will decrease"). (3m)

4. Systematic Sampling: Selecting sites at regular intervals (e.g., every 500m) along the 5km stretch. (3m)

5. Sampling Bias:

   • Time of day: Sampling at 10 AM excludes working professionals. (3m)
   • Location: Sampling only at high-end malls excludes lower-income perspectives. (3m)

6. Pilot Study: To test the feasibility of the methodology, identify potential errors in the questionnaire, check equipment functionality, and estimate the time required per site. (4m)

7. Random vs Judgmental: Random sampling removes bias but may miss critical areas of impact. Judgmental sampling targets the most affected areas (e.g., the toe of the landslide) to ensure the most relevant data is captured, though it is subjective. (5m)

8. Equipment: Flow meter (impeller) or Float (cork/orange). Flow meter: placed at specific depths to measure velocity. Float: timed over a set distance. (4m)

9. Bipolar Survey: Uses a scale (e.g., -3 to +3) where opposite extremes are defined (e.g., -3 = Very Polluted, +3 = Very Clean). This converts qualitative perceptions into quantitative scores for statistical analysis. (4m)

10. Quadrat Procedure: Place quadrat randomly/systematically; identify target species; estimate the percentage of the quadrat area covered by the species; repeat at multiple sites and average. (4m)

11. Digital Anemometer: Provides a precise numerical value (quantitative) rather than just direction or relative speed, reducing observer bias and increasing precision. (3m)

12. Semi-structured Interviews: Allows the researcher to ask follow-up questions (probing) based on the participant's response, providing deeper qualitative insight and nuance that a rigid "Yes/No" questionnaire cannot capture. (5m)

13. Transect Sampling: Sampling along a line across a gradient. Useful for shorelines because it captures the transition of vegetation zones (e.g., from salt-tolerant mangroves to inland forest) relative to the distance from the sea. (6m)

14. Accuracy in Depth: Using a weighted sounding line or electronic depth gauge; taking multiple readings at the same point and calculating the mean. (3m)

15. Spearman’s Rank: Used to measure the strength and direction of the association between two ranked variables, especially when the data is non-linear or ordinal. (4m)

16. Proportional Symbol vs Choropleth:

    • Advantage: Shows absolute values/magnitudes clearly at specific points. (2m)
    • Disadvantage: Can become cluttered (overlapping symbols) and does not show continuous spatial patterns as well as choropleth. (2m)

17. Statistical Significance: By comparing the calculated correlation coefficient (rs) against a critical value table for the given sample size (n). If the calculated value exceeds the critical value, the result is significant. (4m)

18. Photographs Evaluation:

    • Utility: Provide visual evidence, "snapshots" of a site, and a permanent record. (3m)
    • Objectivity: Not fully objective; the photographer chooses the frame, angle, and timing, which can bias the representation of the site. (3m)

19. Limitations: Acknowledging errors (e.g., small sample size, weather interference) shows critical awareness. It defines the boundaries of the conclusion's reliability and suggests areas for future improvement. (5m)

20. Spurious Correlation:

    • Third variable: Perhaps the outskirts have more land available for parks regardless of distance. (3m)
    • Zoning laws: Urban planning policies might mandate green belts at the periphery, making the correlation a result of policy rather than a natural spatial trend. (3m)