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A Level H2 Geography Practice Paper 4

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TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper - Geography H2 A-Level

TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper (AI)
Version: 4 of 5
Subject: Geography H2 (9173)
Level: A-Level
Paper: Practice Paper – Resources & Sustainability Focus
Duration: 2 Hours 30 Minutes
Total Marks: 60
Name: __________________________
Class: __________________________
Date: __________________________

Instructions to Candidates

Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
You are advised to spend approximately 45 minutes on Section A and 1 hour 45 minutes on Section B.
Use specific case studies and geographical terminology where appropriate.

Section A: Source-Based Questions (30 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section based on the provided resources.

Resource 1: Global Water Stress Index (2023 Projection) (Note: In a real exam, a map would be shown here. For this practice paper, refer to the description below.)

High Stress (>80% withdrawal-to-availability ratio): North Africa, Middle East, parts of India, Northern China.
Medium Stress (40-80%): Southern Europe, South Africa, parts of USA (California), Pakistan.
Low Stress (<40%): South America (Amazon basin), Central Africa, Canada, Russia, Southeast Asia (mostly).

Resource 2: Table 1 – Water Consumption by Sector in Selected Countries

Country	Agricultural (%)	Industrial (%)	Domestic (%)	GDP per Capita (USD)
India	90	5	5	2,400
USA	42	48	10	76,000
Singapore	1	59	40	82,000
Egypt	85	10	5	3,500

Resource 3: Extract from a Report on the Aral Sea Crisis "The diversion of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers for cotton irrigation in the Soviet era led to the shrinking of the Aral Sea by over 90%. The exposed seabed, laden with salts and agricultural pesticides, has created severe health issues for local populations, including respiratory diseases and cancer. The local fishing industry collapsed, leading to mass unemployment and out-migration. Recent efforts to restore the North Aral Sea have shown some ecological recovery, but the South Aral Sea remains largely desiccated."

1. Refer to Resource 1. Describe the global pattern of water stress. [4]

2. Refer to Resource 2. Compare the water consumption patterns of India and Singapore. [4]

3. Refer to Resource 2 and your own knowledge. Explain why the industrial sector accounts for a significantly higher percentage of water use in Singapore compared to India. [6]

4. Refer to Resource 3. Identify two negative socio-economic impacts of the Aral Sea crisis on the local population. [2]

5. Refer to Resource 3 and your own knowledge. Assess the effectiveness of technological solutions in resolving resource depletion issues like the Aral Sea crisis. [8]

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(Note: Space reserved for student answer. Please continue to Question 6 on the next page/section.)

Section B: Structured & Essay Questions (30 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

6. "Physical availability is the main constraint on resource security."
To what extent do you agree with this statement? Use examples from energy or water resources. [10]

7. Evaluate the success of one named city in managing urban waste sustainably. [10]

8. "International cooperation is essential for achieving global resource sustainability."
Discuss this view with reference to either climate change or transboundary water management. [10]

End of Paper

Answers

TuitionGoWhere Practice Paper - Geography H2 A-Level (Answer Key)

Version: 4 of 5
Subject: Geography H2 (9173)
Topic: Resources & Sustainability

Section A: Source-Based Questions (30 Marks)

1. Refer to Resource 1. Describe the global pattern of water stress. [4]

Marking Scheme:
- 1 mark for identifying regions of High Stress: Concentrated in North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia (India/Northern China). [1]
- 1 mark for identifying regions of Low Stress: Predominantly in equatorial regions (Amazon, Central Africa) and high-latitude regions (Canada, Russia). [1]
- 1 mark for noting the contrast between hemispheres or development levels (e.g., arid regions vs. humid tropics). [1]
- 1 mark for accurate use of geographical terminology (e.g., "arid," "equatorial," "withdrawal-to-availability"). [1]
- Note: Answers must refer to the spatial distribution, not just list countries.

2. Refer to Resource 2. Compare the water consumption patterns of India and Singapore. [4]

Marking Scheme:
- 1 mark for stating India’s dominance in Agricultural use (90%) vs Singapore’s minimal use (1%). [1]
- 1 mark for stating Singapore’s dominance in Industrial (59%) and Domestic (40%) use vs India’s low percentages (5% each). [1]
- 1 mark for using comparative language (e.g., "In contrast," "Whereas," "Significantly higher"). [1]
- 1 mark for quoting data accurately to support the comparison. [1]

3. Refer to Resource 2 and your own knowledge. Explain why the industrial sector accounts for a significantly higher percentage of water use in Singapore compared to India. [6]

Marking Scheme:
- Point 1: Economic Structure. Singapore is a post-industrial economy with high-value manufacturing (semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals) which are water-intensive for cooling and processing. India’s economy is still heavily agrarian. [2]
- Point 2: Agricultural Efficiency/Scale. India has a vast agricultural sector requiring irrigation for subsistence and cash crops, diluting the industrial percentage. Singapore has negligible agriculture (<1% land use). [2]
- Point 3: Technology & Regulation. Singapore’s industries are regulated for efficiency but still require high purity water for high-tech manufacturing. India’s industrial sector is less dominant in total GDP contribution compared to agriculture. [2]
- Award marks for clear explanation linking economic structure to water demand.

4. Refer to Resource 3. Identify two negative socio-economic impacts of the Aral Sea crisis on the local population. [2]

Marking Scheme:
- 1 mark for Health impacts: Respiratory diseases, cancer due to toxic dust. [1]
- 1 mark for Economic impacts: Collapse of fishing industry, unemployment, out-migration. [1]
- Note: Must be socio-economic. Purely environmental answers (e.g., "sea shrank") do not score unless linked to human impact.

5. Refer to Resource 3 and your own knowledge. Assess the effectiveness of technological solutions in resolving resource depletion issues like the Aral Sea crisis. [8]

Marking Scheme:
- Level 3 (7-8 marks): Balanced assessment. Acknowledges tech can help (e.g., drip irrigation, desalination, dam construction for North Aral) but argues it is insufficient without political/willpower changes. Uses specific examples.
- Level 2 (4-6 marks): Describes technological solutions but lacks critical assessment or depth. May focus only on success or only on failure.
- Level 1 (1-3 marks): Simple description of technology or the Aral Sea crisis without assessment.
- Indicative Content:
  - Effectiveness: The Kok-Aral Dam (technological/engineering solution) successfully raised water levels in the North Aral Sea, restoring some fisheries. [2]
  - Limitations: Technology cannot fix the root cause: unsustainable water diversion for cotton (economic/political issue). The South Aral remains dry despite tech attempts. [2]
  - Cost/Benefit: High cost of tech solutions (desalination, pipeline repair) may be unaffordable for developing regions. [2]
  - Conclusion: Tech is a tool, not a panacea. Governance and sustainable agricultural practices are more critical. [2]

Section B: Structured & Essay Questions (30 Marks)

6. "Physical availability is the main constraint on resource security." To what extent do you agree? [10]

Marking Scheme:
- AO1 (Knowledge): Define resource security (physical + economic access). Define physical availability (natural endowment). [2]
- AO2 (Understanding): Explain how physical scarcity (e.g., Saudi Arabia water, Japan energy) constrains security. [2]
- AO3 (Analysis): Analyze counter-arguments. Economic access (ability to pay) is often more important. Example: Singapore has no physical water but high security via imports/tech. Japan has no oil but high security via trade. [3]
- AO4 (Evaluation): Judgement. Physical availability is a baseline, but in a globalized world, economic and political factors (trade, diplomacy, tech) often override physical limits. "Resource curse" countries have physical abundance but low security due to governance. [3]

7. Evaluate the success of one named city in managing urban waste sustainably. [10]

Marking Scheme:
- Case Study Requirement: Must name a specific city (e.g., Singapore, San Francisco, Tokyo, Curitiba). [1]
- Strategies: Describe specific strategies (e.g., Singapore’s Incineration + Landfill, Semakau; San Francisco’s Zero Waste goal; Tokyo’s strict sorting). [3]
- Success Indicators: Use data (recycling rates, landfill lifespan extension, waste-to-energy output). [3]
- Evaluation/Limitations: Discuss challenges (high cost, public compliance, residual waste, e-waste issues). Is it truly "sustainable" or just "efficient"? [3]

8. "International cooperation is essential for achieving global resource sustainability." Discuss. [10]

Marking Scheme:
- Argument for Cooperation: Transboundary resources (rivers like Mekong/Nile, atmosphere/Climate Change) require treaties (Paris Agreement, UN Watercourses Convention). Shared technology transfer (Green Climate Fund). [4]
- Argument against/Challenges: National sovereignty often overrides cooperation (e.g., Ethiopia’s GERD dam vs Egypt). Free-rider problem in climate accords. Competition for resources leads to conflict rather than cooperation. [4]
- Synthesis/Conclusion: Cooperation is essential for global commons (atmosphere, oceans) but difficult for national resources. Success depends on enforcement mechanisms and equity. [2]

General Marking Notes

Levels of Response:
- L1 (1-3 marks): Basic knowledge, descriptive, limited use of case studies.
- L2 (4-6 marks): Clear understanding, some analysis, relevant case studies, partial evaluation.
- L3 (7-10 marks): Detailed knowledge, strong analysis, specific case study evidence, balanced evaluation, clear conclusion.
Case Studies: Candidates must use specific geographical examples. Generic answers ("a developing country") should be capped at Level 2.
Terminology: Use of terms like "resource security," "sustainability," "carrying capacity," "transboundary," and "circular economy" should be rewarded.