A Level H1 Geography Practice Paper 2

A-Level Geography H1 Quiz - Resources Sustainability (Answer Key)

Section A

1. Trend: Steady increase from 30% in 2000 to 80% in 2020. (1 mark for trend, 2 marks for data citations).
2. Account for changes: Improvement from 10% to 40% due to government slum-upgrading schemes, increased municipal funding, or NGO interventions. (2 marks for identifying change, 3 marks for causal explanation).
3. Water vs Sewage: Water pipes are easier to install (surface/shallow) compared to sewage systems which require deep excavation, grading for gravity flow, and treatment plants. (5 marks for technical/spatial reasoning).
4. Physical Characteristics: Steep slopes (difficulty in piping), high building density (no space for infrastructure), unstable soil. (2 marks per point).
5. Health Crises: Lack of sewage $\rightarrow$ open drainage $\rightarrow$ waterborne diseases (cholera) $\rightarrow$ high infant mortality/epidemics. (5 marks for process chain).
6. Definition: Development that meets current urban needs (housing, water, energy) without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs, balancing social equity, economic viability, and environmental protection. (3 marks).
7. Soft Engineering: e.g., Community-based water management, rainwater harvesting incentives, or zoning laws to prevent building in flood-prone areas. (2 marks for example, 3 marks for explanation of sustainability).
8. Urbanisation & Slums: Rapid rural-to-urban migration $\rightarrow$ demand for housing exceeds formal supply $\rightarrow$ low-income groups occupy marginal land $\rightarrow$ growth of informal settlements. (5 marks for causal link).
9. Informal Economy: Provides low-barrier employment (street vending, waste picking) $\rightarrow$ generates immediate cash flow $\rightarrow$ allows survival in absence of formal state support. (5 marks).
10. Measuring Liveability: Surveys on perceived safety, distance to nearest clean water source, or ratio of residents per room. (4 marks for method and justification).

Section B

11. Characteristics: High density, makeshift materials (corrugated iron/scrap), steep terrain, lack of planned road networks. (5 marks: 2 for identification, 3 for explanation of why they exist).
12. Evaluation:
    • Resource 2: Useful for showing physical barriers (slopes/density) to healthcare access. Limited because it's a snapshot.
    • Resource 3: Useful for showing spatial distribution and gaps in service. Limited because it doesn't show quality of care.
    • Synthesis: Together they show the "last mile" problem—clinics may exist in the city, but the terrain of the slum makes them inaccessible. (8 marks).
13. Spatial Distribution: Clinics likely concentrated in the CBD or formal residential areas due to existing infrastructure and higher tax bases. (6 marks).
14. Topography & Vulnerability: Steep slopes $\rightarrow$ high risk of landslides during heavy rain $\rightarrow$ exacerbated by deforestation/poor building materials. (6 marks).
15. State vs Community:
    • State: Scale, funding, legal tenure. (But can be top-down/insensitive).
    • Community: Local knowledge, high trust, tailored solutions. (But lacks funding/scale).
    • Conclusion: Most effective when hybrid. (8 marks).

Section C (Marking Framework)

For questions 16-20, marks are awarded based on:

• AO1 (Knowledge): Use of specific case studies (e.g., Rio de Janeiro, Mumbai, Lagos).
• AO2 (Understanding): Clarity of geographical concepts.
• AO3 (Analysis): Ability to link causes and effects.
• AO4 (Evaluation): Balanced argument and reasoned conclusion.

16. Slums as Impediment:

    • Agree: Health risks, environmental degradation, crime, lack of tax revenue.
    • Disagree: Hubs of entrepreneurship, affordable housing for the poor, social safety nets.
    • Conclusion: Slums are a symptom of failed planning, not the primary cause.

17. Crowding Mitigation:

    • Strategies: Satellite cities, high-density zoning, improved public transport (MRT/LRT).
    • Evaluation: Success measured by reduced commute times, lower population density in cores, but may lead to gentrification.

18. Informal Settlements as Solutions:

    • Pro: Immediate housing, self-built, low cost.
    • Con: Unsafe, unsustainable, lack of tenure security.
    • Conclusion: Only a "stop-gap" solution; not a long-term sustainable model.

19. Integrating Informal Sectors:

    • Argument: Formalizing waste picking (recycling) or street markets improves urban efficiency and social inclusion.
    • Counter: Over-regulation can destroy the very flexibility that makes the informal sector a survival resource.

20. Political Will vs Technical Solutions:

    • Technical: Desalination, modular housing, smart grids exist.
    • Political: Corruption, lack of land tenure reform, prioritization of elite interests.
    • Conclusion: Technical tools are useless without the political framework to implement them equitably.