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A Level H1 Chemistry Kinetics Equilibrium Quiz

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A-Level Chemistry H1 Quiz - Kinetics Equilibrium

Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________________________ Date: _______________________________ Score: _______ / 60

Duration: 75 minutes

Instructions:

Answer ALL questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Show all working for calculation questions. Answers without working may not receive full marks.
The number of marks for each question is shown in brackets [ ].
A Periodic Table and data sheet are provided separately.
Clean, clear presentation of working is expected for all calculations.

Section A: Multiple Choice [10 marks]

Questions 1–10 are multiple choice. Each question carries 1 mark. Choose the ONE best answer.

1. Which of the following statements about the rate of a chemical reaction is correct?

(A) The rate of reaction is constant throughout the reaction. (B) The rate of reaction increases as the concentration of products increases. (C) The rate of reaction is defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time. (D) The rate of reaction is independent of temperature.

[1]

2. For the reaction:

$2NO_2(g) \rightarrow 2NO(g) + O_2(g)$

The rate of formation of $O_2$ is $0.025 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ . What is the rate of disappearance of $NO_2$ ?

(A) $0.0125 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ (B) $0.025 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ (C) $0.050 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ (D) $0.10 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}$

[1]

3. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate constant, $k$ , of a reaction?

(A) Temperature (B) Catalyst (C) Concentration of reactants (D) Activation energy

[1]

4. For a reaction that is first order with respect to X and second order with respect to Y, what is the overall order of the reaction and the units of the rate constant?

(A) Overall order = 3; units of $k$ = $\text{mol}^{-2}\text{ dm}^{6}\text{ s}^{-1}$ (B) Overall order = 3; units of $k$ = $\text{mol}^{-1}\text{ dm}^{3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ (C) Overall order = 2; units of $k$ = $\text{mol}^{-1}\text{ dm}^{3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ (D) Overall order = 1; units of $k$ = $\text{s}^{-1}$

[1]

5. A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by:

(A) increasing the activation energy of the reaction. (B) increasing the enthalpy change of the reaction. (C) providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. (D) shifting the equilibrium position to favour products.

[1]

6. Which of the following is a characteristic of a system at dynamic equilibrium?

(A) The forward and reverse reactions have stopped. (B) The concentrations of reactants and products are equal. (C) The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. (D) No reactants remain in the system.

[1]

7. For the equilibrium:

$N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2NH_3(g) \quad \Delta H = -92 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$

Which change will increase the value of the equilibrium constant $K_c$ ?

(A) Increasing the pressure (B) Adding a catalyst (C) Decreasing the temperature (D) Increasing the concentration of $N_2$

[1]

8. The equilibrium constant expression for the reaction:

$2SO_2(g) + O_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2SO_3(g)$

is:

(A) $K_c = \dfrac{[SO_3]^2}{[SO_2]^2[O_2]}$ (B) $K_c = \dfrac{[SO_2]^2[O_2]}{[SO_3]^2}$ (C) $K_c = \dfrac{[SO_3]}{[SO_2][O_2]^{1/2}}$ (D) $K_c = \dfrac{[SO_2][O_2]}{[SO_3]}$

[1]

9. The $K_c$ value for a reaction is $2.5 \times 10^{-3}$ at 298 K. This indicates that at equilibrium:

(A) the reaction proceeds almost to completion. (B) the concentration of products is much greater than the concentration of reactants. (C) the concentration of reactants is much greater than the concentration of products. (D) the forward and reverse reactions occur at very different rates.

[1]

10. According to Le Chatelier's principle, if the pressure is increased on the equilibrium system:

$2NO_2(g) \rightleftharpoons N_2O_4(g)$

the equilibrium will shift:

(A) to the left, because there are more moles of gas on the left. (B) to the right, because there are fewer moles of gas on the right. (C) to the left, because the reaction is exothermic. (D) not at all, because pressure does not affect gaseous equilibria.

[1]

Section B: Structured Questions [30 marks]

Answer ALL questions. Show all working where applicable.

11. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution was studied at 25 °C:

$2H_2O_2(aq) \rightarrow 2H_2O(l) + O_2(g)$

The volume of oxygen gas collected was measured at regular intervals. The results are shown below.

Time / s	0	20	40	60	80	100	120
Volume of $O_2$ / cm³	0	12	21	28	33	36	36

(a) Explain why the volume of oxygen gas stops increasing after 100 s. [1]

(b) Calculate the mean rate of reaction, in $\text{cm}^3\text{ s}^{-1}$ , during the first 40 seconds. [2]

(c) On the grid below, sketch a graph of volume of $O_2$ against time. Label the axes and indicate the shape of the curve. [2]

<image_placeholder> id: Q11c-fig1 type: graph linked_question: Q11(c) description: A blank grid for plotting volume of O₂ (y-axis, 0–40 cm³) against time in seconds (x-axis, 0–120 s). Axes should be clearly labelled. labels: y-axis: "Volume of O₂ / cm³", x-axis: "Time / s" values: Grid should have major divisions every 20 s on x-axis and every 10 cm³ on y-axis must_show: Clearly labelled axes with units, appropriate scale, origin at (0,0) </image_placeholder>

(d) Explain, in terms of collision theory, why the rate of this reaction decreases over time. [2]

[Total: 7 marks]

12. The reaction between peroxodisulfate ions and iodide ions was studied:

$S_2O_8^{2-}(aq) + 2I^-(aq) \rightarrow 2SO_4^{2-}(aq) + I_2(aq)$

The following data were obtained at constant temperature.

Experiment	$[S_2O_8^{2-}]$ / mol dm⁻³	$[I^-]$ / mol dm⁻³	Initial rate / mol dm⁻³ s⁻¹
1	0.010	0.020	$1.2 \times 10^{-5}$
2	0.020	0.020	$2.4 \times 10^{-5}$
3	0.020	0.040	$4.8 \times 10^{-5}$

(a) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to $S_2O_8^{2-}$ . Explain your reasoning. [2]

(b) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to $I^-$ . Explain your reasoning. [2]

(d) Calculate the value of the rate constant, $k$ , and state its units. [2]

(e) Predict the initial rate when $[S_2O_8^{2-}] = 0.015 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ and $[I^-] = 0.030 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ . [2]

[Total: 9 marks]

13. Nitrogen dioxide exists in equilibrium with dinitrogen tetroxide:

$2NO_2(g) \rightleftharpoons N_2O_4(g) \quad \Delta H = -58 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$

brown colourless

(a) State what is meant by dynamic equilibrium. [2]

(b) An equilibrium mixture of $NO_2$ and $N_2O_4$ is placed in a sealed flask. State and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium of:

(i) increasing the temperature [2]

(ii) increasing the pressure [2]

[Total: 8 marks]

14. The esterification reaction is shown below:

$CH_3COOH(l) + C_2H_5OH(l) \rightleftharpoons CH_3COOC_2H_5(l) + H_2O(l)$

(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, $K_c$ , for this reaction. [1]

(b) At a certain temperature, 0.50 mol of ethanoic acid and 0.50 mol of ethanol were mixed in a sealed vessel. At equilibrium, 0.33 mol of ethyl ethanoate was formed.

(i) Complete the table below.

	$CH_3COOH$	$C_2H_5OH$	$CH_3COOC_2H_5$	$H_2O$
Initial moles	0.50	0.50	0	0
Change in moles
Equilibrium moles			0.33

[2]

(ii) Calculate the value of $K_c$ . State whether units are required and justify your answer. [3]

[Total: 6 marks]

15. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a gas at temperature $T_1$ is shown below.

<image_placeholder> id: Q15-fig1 type: graph linked_question: Q15 description: A Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve showing the distribution of molecular kinetic energies in a gas sample. The x-axis shows "Energy" and the y-axis shows "Number of molecules". A single bell-shaped curve starting at the origin, rising to a peak, then gradually falling. The peak represents the most probable energy. A vertical dashed line labelled "Ea" (activation energy) is drawn to the right of the peak. The area under the curve to the right of Ea is shaded to represent molecules with sufficient energy to react. labels: x-axis: "Energy", y-axis: "Number of molecules" values: Peak of curve at moderate energy, Ea line to the right of peak, shaded area beyond Ea must_show: Origin at (0,0), bell-shaped curve, Ea vertical dashed line, shaded area to right of Ea </image_placeholder>

(a) Label the following on the graph above: (i) the most probable energy [1] (ii) the activation energy, $E_a$ [1] (iii) the area representing molecules with energy ≥ $E_a$ [1]

(b) On the same axes, sketch the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for the same gas at a higher temperature $T_2$ . Label this curve $T_2$ . [2]

(c) Explain, with reference to the graph, why a small increase in temperature causes a large increase in the rate of reaction. [3]

[Total: 7 marks]

16. The reaction between nitrogen monoxide and oxygen was studied:

$2NO(g) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 2NO_2(g)$

The following data were obtained at 298 K.

Experiment	$[NO]$ / mol dm⁻³	$[O_2]$ / mol dm⁻³	Initial rate / mol dm⁻³ s⁻¹
1	0.010	0.010	$2.5 \times 10^{-4}$
2	0.020	0.010	$1.0 \times 10^{-3}$
3	0.020	0.020	$2.0 \times 10^{-3}$

(a) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to $NO$ . Explain your reasoning. [2]

(b) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to $O_2$ . Explain your reasoning. [2]

(d) Calculate the value of the rate constant, $k$ , and state its units. [2]

[Total: 7 marks]

17. Consider the following equilibrium system:

$H_2(g) + I_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2HI(g) \quad \Delta H = -10.4 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$

(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, $K_c$ , for this reaction. [1]

(b) At a certain temperature, 1.0 mol of $H_2$ and 1.0 mol of $I_2$ were placed in a 1.0 dm³ sealed vessel. At equilibrium, 1.6 mol of $HI$ was present.

(i) Complete the table below.

	$H_2$	$I_2$	$HI$
Initial moles	1.0	1.0	0
Change in moles
Equilibrium moles			1.6

[2]

(ii) Calculate the value of $K_c$ at this temperature. [2]

(d) State and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium of adding a catalyst. [2]

[Total: 9 marks]

18. The Haber process is used to manufacture ammonia:

$N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2NH_3(g) \quad \Delta H = -92 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$

(a) State the conditions typically used in the Haber process. [2]

(b) Explain why a compromise temperature of around 450 °C is used rather than a lower temperature. [3]

(d) State the role of the iron catalyst in the Haber process. [1]

[Total: 8 marks]

Section C: Free Response [20 marks]

Answer ALL questions. Detailed explanations and clear reasoning are expected.

19. The iodination of propanone is a reaction that has been extensively studied:

$CH_3COCH_3(aq) + I_2(aq) \rightarrow CH_3COCH_2I(aq) + HI(aq)$

The rate equation for this reaction was determined to be:

$\text{Rate} = k[CH_3COCH_3][H^+]$

(a) State the overall order of the reaction. [1]

(b) Explain why the rate equation does not include $[I_2]$ . [2]

$[CH_3COCH_3] = 0.50 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ , $[I_2] = 0.010 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ , $[H^+] = 0.20 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}$

The initial rate was found to be $4.0 \times 10^{-5} \text{ mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ .

(i) Calculate the value of the rate constant, $k$ , and state its units. [3]

(ii) Predict the initial rate when $[CH_3COCH_3] = 0.80 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ , $[I_2] = 0.020 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ , and $[H^+] = 0.30 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ . [2]

(d) A student proposed the following mechanism for this reaction:

Step 1: $CH_3COCH_3 + H^+ \rightleftharpoons CH_3C(OH)CH_3^+$ (fast)

Step 2: $CH_3C(OH)CH_3^+ \rightarrow CH_3C(OH)=CH_2 + H^+$ (slow)

Step 3: $CH_3C(OH)=CH_2 + I_2 \rightarrow CH_3COCH_2I + HI$ (fast)

Explain whether this mechanism is consistent with the rate equation. [3]

[Total: 11 marks]

20. The contact process is used to manufacture sulfuric acid. One of the key steps is the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:

$2SO_2(g) + O_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2SO_3(g) \quad \Delta H = -197 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$

(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, $K_c$ , for this reaction. [1]

(b) At 700 K, the equilibrium constant $K_c$ for this reaction is $1.7 \times 10^8 \text{ mol}^{-1}\text{ dm}^{3}$ . Explain what this value indicates about the position of equilibrium. [2]

(c) In a particular experiment, 2.0 mol of $SO_2$ and 1.0 mol of $O_2$ were placed in a 1.0 dm³ sealed vessel at 700 K. At equilibrium, 1.8 mol of $SO_3$ was formed.

(i) Complete the table below.

	$SO_2$	$O_2$	$SO_3$
Initial moles	2.0	1.0	0
Change in moles
Equilibrium moles			1.8

[2]

(ii) Calculate the value of $K_c$ from these experimental data. Comment on your answer. [3]

(d) State and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium of:

(i) increasing the temperature [2]

(ii) adding a vanadium(V) oxide catalyst [2]

(e) Explain why a pressure of 2 atm is used in the contact process rather than a much higher pressure. [2]

[Total: 14 marks]

END OF PAPER

Answers

A-Level Chemistry H1 Quiz - Kinetics Equilibrium

Answer Key and Marking Scheme

Section A: Multiple Choice

1. C [1]

Explanation: The rate of reaction is defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time. Option A is incorrect because the rate decreases as reactants are consumed. Option B is incorrect because the rate depends on reactant concentration, not product concentration. Option D is incorrect because rate increases with temperature due to more frequent and energetic collisions.

2. C [1]

Explanation: From the stoichiometry, 2 moles of $NO_2$ decompose for every 1 mole of $O_2$ formed. Therefore: $\text{Rate of disappearance of } NO_2 = 2 \times \text{rate of formation of } O_2 = 2 \times 0.025 = 0.050 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}$

The rate of disappearance is related to the rate of formation by the ratio of stoichiometric coefficients.

3. C [1]

Explanation: The rate constant $k$ depends on temperature (Arrhenius equation), activation energy, and the presence of a catalyst. However, it is independent of the concentration of reactants. Concentration affects the rate, not the rate constant. This is a common misconception — students often confuse rate (which depends on concentration) with rate constant (which depends only on temperature and catalyst).

4. A [1]

Explanation: Overall order = 1 + 2 = 3. For a third-order reaction: $\text{Rate} = k[X]^1[Y]^2$ Units of $k = \dfrac{\text{mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}}{(\text{mol dm}^{-3})^3} = \text{mol}^{-2}\text{ dm}^{6}\text{ s}^{-1}$

General rule: for an $n$ th-order reaction, units of $k$ are $\text{mol}^{1-n}\text{ dm}^{3(n-1)}\text{ s}^{-1}$ .

5. C [1]

Explanation: A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. This increases the proportion of molecules with energy ≥ $E_a$ , increasing the rate. It does NOT change the activation energy of the original pathway (A is wrong), does NOT change $\Delta H$ (B is wrong), and does NOT shift the equilibrium position (D is wrong). A catalyst speeds up both forward and reverse reactions equally.

6. C [1]

Explanation: At dynamic equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions are still occurring, but at equal rates. The concentrations of reactants and products remain constant but are NOT necessarily equal (B is wrong). The reactions have not stopped (A is wrong) — that would be static equilibrium. Reactants are still present (D is wrong).

7. C [1]

Explanation: The reaction is exothermic ( $\Delta H = -92$ kJ mol⁻¹). Decreasing the temperature favours the exothermic (forward) direction, producing more $NH_3$ and increasing $K_c$ . $K_c$ is only affected by temperature — not by pressure changes (A), catalysts (B), or concentration changes (D). These other changes shift the position of equilibrium but do not change the value of $K_c$ .

8. A [1]

Explanation: For the general equilibrium $aA + bB \rightleftharpoons cC + dD$ : $K_c = \frac{[C]^c[D]^d}{[A]^a[B]^b}$

Products go in the numerator, reactants in the denominator, each raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficient. So: $K_c = \frac{[SO_3]^2}{[SO_2]^2[O_2]}$

9. C [1]

Explanation: $K_c = 2.5 \times 10^{-3}$ , which is much less than 1. This means the denominator (reactant concentrations) is much larger than the numerator (product concentrations) at equilibrium. The equilibrium lies to the left, favouring reactants. A large $K_c$ (>> 1) would indicate products are favoured.

10. B [1]

Explanation: On the left side there are 2 moles of gas; on the right side there is 1 mole of gas. Increasing pressure shifts the equilibrium to the side with fewer moles of gas (to the right) to reduce the pressure. This is consistent with Le Chatelier's principle. Pressure does affect gaseous equilibria when there is a difference in the number of moles of gas on each side.

Section B: Structured Questions

11.

(a) The $H_2O_2$ has been completely decomposed / used up, so no more $O_2$ is produced. [1]

Marking note: Accept "the reaction has gone to completion" or "all the reactant has been consumed." Do NOT accept "the reaction has reached equilibrium" — this is a decomposition, not a reversible equilibrium.

(b) Mean rate = $\dfrac{\text{change in volume}}{\text{change in time}} = \dfrac{21 - 0}{40 - 0}$ [1] $= \dfrac{21}{40} = 0.525 \text{ cm}^3\text{ s}^{-1}$ [1]

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct method (division), 1 mark for correct answer. Accept 0.53 cm³ s⁻¹ if rounded. Unit must be stated.

A curve starting at the origin (0, 0)
Steep initial gradient that gradually decreases (curve flattens)
Passing through or near the data points (20, 12), (40, 21), (60, 28), (80, 33), (100, 36)
Becoming horizontal at 36 cm³ after 100 s

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct shape (curve with decreasing gradient), 1 mark for correct plateau at 36 cm³. Axes must be correctly labelled.

(d) As the reaction proceeds, the concentration of $H_2O_2$ decreases. [1] This means there are fewer $H_2O_2$ particles per unit volume, so the frequency of successful collisions between reactant particles decreases, resulting in a lower rate. [1]

Marking note: Must mention collision frequency or number of collisions. Must link decreasing concentration to fewer collisions. "Particles move slower" is incorrect — temperature is constant.

12.

(a) Order = 1 (first order) with respect to $S_2O_8^{2-}$ . [1]

Comparing experiments 1 and 2: $[I^-]$ is constant, $[S_2O_8^{2-}]$ doubles from 0.010 to 0.020, and the rate doubles from $1.2 \times 10^{-5}$ to $2.4 \times 10^{-5}$ . Since doubling the concentration doubles the rate, the order is 1. [1]

(b) Order = 1 (first order) with respect to $I^-$ . [1]

Comparing experiments 2 and 3: $[S_2O_8^{2-}]$ is constant, $[I^-]$ doubles from 0.020 to 0.040, and the rate doubles from $2.4 \times 10^{-5}$ to $4.8 \times 10^{-5}$ . Since doubling the concentration doubles the rate, the order is 1. [1]

(d) Substituting data from experiment 1: $1.2 \times 10^{-5} = k(0.010)(0.020)$ $k = \frac{1.2 \times 10^{-5}}{0.010 \times 0.020} = \frac{1.2 \times 10^{-5}}{2.0 \times 10^{-4}} = 0.060$ [1]

Units: $\dfrac{\text{mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}}{(\text{mol dm}^{-3})(\text{mol dm}^{-3})} = \text{mol}^{-1}\text{ dm}^{3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ [1]

$k = 0.060 \text{ mol}^{-1}\text{ dm}^{3}\text{ s}^{-1}$

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct calculation, 1 mark for correct units. Accept any experiment's data for substitution.

(e) Rate = $k[S_2O_8^{2-}][I^-] = 0.060 \times 0.015 \times 0.030$ [1] $= 0.060 \times 4.5 \times 10^{-4} = 2.7 \times 10^{-5} \text{ mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ [1]

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct substitution, 1 mark for correct answer. Follow through from their $k$ value if different.

13.

(a) Dynamic equilibrium is a state in a reversible reaction where the forward and reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate, [1] so the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant (but not necessarily equal). [1]

Marking note: Must mention both: (1) forward and reverse reactions still happening, (2) rates are equal / concentrations constant. "Reactions have stopped" = 0 marks.

(b)(i) The equilibrium shifts to the left (towards $NO_2$ ). [1] Increasing temperature favours the endothermic direction. Since the forward reaction is exothermic ( $\Delta H = -58$ kJ mol⁻¹), the reverse reaction is endothermic, so the equilibrium shifts left to absorb the added heat. [1]

Marking note: 1 mark for correct direction, 1 mark for correct explanation linking to endothermic direction and Le Chatelier's principle.

(b)(ii) The equilibrium shifts to the right (towards $N_2O_4$ ). [1] There are 2 moles of gas on the left and 1 mole of gas on the right. Increasing pressure shifts the equilibrium to the side with fewer moles of gas to oppose the change. [1]

Marking note: 1 mark for correct direction, 1 mark for correct explanation mentioning fewer moles of gas on the right.

(c) The mixture becomes paler / less brown / colourless. [1] Placing the flask in an ice bath decreases the temperature. The forward reaction is exothermic, so decreasing temperature favours the forward reaction, converting brown $NO_2$ to colourless $N_2O_4$ . [1]

Marking note: 1 mark for correct observation (paler/less brown/colourless), 1 mark for correct explanation linking temperature decrease to exothermic forward direction.

14.

(a) $K_c = \dfrac{[CH_3COOC_2H_5][H_2O]}{[CH_3COOH][C_2H_5OH]}$ [1]

Marking note: Products in numerator, reactants in denominator. All species are liquids but concentrations are still used for $K_c$ in this context.

(b)(i)

	$CH_3COOH$	$C_2H_5OH$	$CH_3COOC_2H_5$	$H_2O$
Initial moles	0.50	0.50	0	0
Change in moles	−0.33	−0.33	+0.33	+0.33
Equilibrium moles	0.17	0.17	0.33	0.33

[2]

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct change in moles, 1 mark for correct equilibrium moles. All four values must be correct for full marks.

(ii) Since the volume is the same for all species, $K_c$ can be calculated using moles directly: $K_c = \frac{(0.33)(0.33)}{(0.17)(0.17)} = \frac{0.1089}{0.0289} = 3.77$ [1]

$K_c$ has no units [1] because the number of moles of gaseous/liquid species is the same on both sides of the equation (2 moles on each side), so the units cancel out. [1]

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct calculation, 1 mark for stating no units, 1 mark for correct justification. Accept answers in the range 3.7–3.8.

15.

(a)(i) The most probable energy is at the peak of the curve. [1]

(a)(ii) The activation energy $E_a$ is shown as a vertical dashed line to the right of the peak. [1]

(a)(iii) The area representing molecules with energy ≥ $E_a$ is the shaded area to the right of the $E_a$ line. [1]

Marking note: Students should label these directly on the graph. Award 1 mark for each correctly identified feature.

(b) The curve for $T_2$ should show: [2]

A peak at a higher energy (shifted to the right)
A lower peak height
A broader distribution
A larger area under the curve to the right of $E_a$

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct shape (broader, lower peak), 1 mark for correct position (shifted right, larger area beyond $E_a$ ).

(c) At a higher temperature, the curve shifts to the right and flattens. [1] This means a significantly larger proportion of molecules have energy ≥ $E_a$ . [1] Since the rate of reaction depends on the number of molecules with sufficient energy to react, even a small temperature increase causes a large increase in the number of successful collisions, leading to a large increase in rate. [1]

Marking note: Must mention the shift in the curve and the increase in the proportion of molecules with energy ≥ $E_a$ . Must link this to the rate of reaction. The key point is that the area under the curve beyond $E_a$ increases disproportionately with temperature.

16.

(a) Order = 2 (second order) with respect to $NO$ . [1]

Comparing experiments 1 and 2: $[O_2]$ is constant, $[NO]$ doubles from 0.010 to 0.020, and the rate increases by a factor of 4 (from $2.5 \times 10^{-4}$ to $1.0 \times 10^{-3}$ ). Since doubling the concentration increases the rate by a factor of 4 (= 2²), the order is 2. [1]

(b) Order = 1 (first order) with respect to $O_2$ . [1]

Comparing experiments 2 and 3: $[NO]$ is constant, $[O_2]$ doubles from 0.010 to 0.020, and the rate doubles (from $1.0 \times 10^{-3}$ to $2.0 \times 10^{-3}$ ). Since doubling the concentration doubles the rate, the order is 1. [1]

(d) Substituting data from experiment 1: $2.5 \times 10^{-4} = k(0.010)^2(0.010)$ $2.5 \times 10^{-4} = k(1.0 \times 10^{-6})$ $k = \frac{2.5 \times 10^{-4}}{1.0 \times 10^{-6}} = 250$ [1]

Units: $\dfrac{\text{mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}}{(\text{mol dm}^{-3})^2(\text{mol dm}^{-3})} = \text{mol}^{-2}\text{ dm}^{6}\text{ s}^{-1}$ [1]

$k = 250 \text{ mol}^{-2}\text{ dm}^{6}\text{ s}^{-1}$

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct calculation, 1 mark for correct units. Accept any experiment's data for substitution.

17.

(a) $K_c = \dfrac{[HI]^2}{[H_2][I_2]}$ [1]

(b)(i)

	$H_2$	$I_2$	$HI$
Initial moles	1.0	1.0	0
Change in moles	−0.8	−0.8	+1.6
Equilibrium moles	0.2	0.2	1.6

[2]

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct change in moles, 1 mark for correct equilibrium moles. Since 1.6 mol of $HI$ is formed, 0.8 mol of $H_2$ and 0.8 mol of $I_2$ are consumed (1:1:2 stoichiometry).

(ii) Since volume = 1.0 dm³, concentrations = moles. $K_c = \frac{(1.6)^2}{(0.2)(0.2)} = \frac{2.56}{0.04} = 64$ [2]

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct substitution, 1 mark for correct answer. $K_c$ has no units since there are equal moles on both sides.

(c) $K_c$ decreases. [1] The forward reaction is exothermic ( $\Delta H = -10.4$ kJ mol⁻¹). Increasing temperature favours the endothermic (reverse) direction, reducing the concentration of $HI$ and increasing the concentrations of $H_2$ and $I_2$ , thus decreasing $K_c$ . [1]

Marking note: 1 mark for correct direction of change, 1 mark for correct explanation.

(d) The position of equilibrium does not change. [1] A catalyst speeds up both the forward and reverse reactions equally, so it does not affect the position of equilibrium or the value of $K_c$ . It only allows equilibrium to be reached faster. [1]

Marking note: 1 mark for no change, 1 mark for correct explanation. Common misconception: students think catalysts shift equilibrium.

18.

(a) Temperature: approximately 450 °C [1]; Pressure: approximately 200 atm [1]; Catalyst: iron (with possible promoters such as $Al_2O_3$ and $K_2O$ ). [1]

Marking note: Award 1 mark for temperature, 1 mark for pressure. Catalyst is not required for the 2 marks but is good practice.

(b) A lower temperature would favour the forward reaction (exothermic) and give a higher equilibrium yield of $NH_3$ . [1] However, at lower temperatures, the rate of reaction is too slow to be economically viable. [1] A compromise temperature of 450 °C gives a reasonable yield in a reasonable time. [1]

Marking note: Must mention both the equilibrium yield argument (favoured at low T) and the rate argument (too slow at low T). The concept of "compromise" is key.

(c) There are 4 moles of gas on the left (1 $N_2$ + 3 $H_2$ ) and 2 moles of gas on the right (2 $NH_3$ ). [1] Increasing pressure shifts the equilibrium to the side with fewer moles of gas (to the right), increasing the yield of $NH_3$ . [1]

Marking note: Must mention the difference in moles of gas and the direction of shift.

(d) The iron catalyst speeds up the rate of the reaction, allowing equilibrium to be reached more quickly. [1] It does not change the position of equilibrium or the value of $K_c$ .

Marking note: Must state that the catalyst increases the rate. Do NOT accept "increases yield" or "shifts equilibrium."

Section C: Free Response

19.

(a) Overall order = 2 (second order). [1]

Marking note: The rate equation shows first order with respect to $CH_3COCH_3$ and first order with respect to $H^+$ , so overall order = 1 + 1 = 2.

(b) The concentration of $I_2$ does not appear in the rate equation, which means the reaction is zero order with respect to $I_2$ . [1] This indicates that the step involving $I_2$ is not the rate-determining step — it occurs after the slow step and does not affect the overall rate. [1]

Marking note: Must state that the reaction is zero order with respect to $I_2$ and explain that the $I_2$ step is not rate-determining.

(c)(i) Rate = $k[CH_3COCH_3][H^+]$ $4.0 \times 10^{-5} = k(0.50)(0.20)$ $k = \frac{4.0 \times 10^{-5}}{0.10} = 4.0 \times 10^{-4}$ [1]

Units: $\dfrac{\text{mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}}{(\text{mol dm}^{-3})(\text{mol dm}^{-3})} = \text{mol}^{-1}\text{ dm}^{3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ [1]

$k = 4.0 \times 10^{-4} \text{ mol}^{-1}\text{ dm}^{3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ [1]

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct calculation, 1 mark for correct units, 1 mark for correct final answer with units.

(c)(i) Rate = $k[CH_3COCH_3][H^+] = 4.0 \times 10^{-4} \times 0.80 \times 0.30$ [1] $= 4.0 \times 10^{-4} \times 0.24 = 9.6 \times 10^{-5} \text{ mol dm}^{-3}\text{ s}^{-1}$ [1]

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct substitution, 1 mark for correct answer. Note that $[I_2]$ is not used in the rate equation. Follow through from their $k$ value if different.

(d) The mechanism is consistent with the rate equation. [1] The rate-determining step (Step 2) involves the intermediate $CH_3C(OH)CH_3^+$ , which is formed from $CH_3COCH_3$ and $H^+$ in Step 1. [1] Since Step 1 is a fast equilibrium, the concentration of the intermediate depends on $[CH_3COCH_3]$ and $[H^+]$ , giving a rate equation of the form Rate = $k[CH_3COCH_3][H^+]$ . [1] Step 3 involves $I_2$ but is fast, so $I_2$ does not appear in the rate equation, consistent with the experimental observation.

Marking note: Award 1 mark for stating consistency, 1 mark for identifying the rate-determining step, 1 mark for explaining how the rate equation arises from the mechanism. The key is linking the slow step to the rate equation.

20.

(a) $K_c = \dfrac{[SO_3]^2}{[SO_2]^2[O_2]}$ [1]

(b) $K_c = 1.7 \times 10^8$ is a very large value (>> 1). [1] This indicates that at equilibrium, the concentration of products ( $SO_3$ ) is much greater than the concentration of reactants ( $SO_2$ and $O_2$ ). The equilibrium lies far to the right, and the reaction proceeds almost to completion. [1]

Marking note: Must state that the large $K_c$ value indicates products are favoured / equilibrium lies to the right.

(c)(i)

	$SO_2$	$O_2$	$SO_3$
Initial moles	2.0	1.0	0
Change in moles	−1.8	−0.9	+1.8
Equilibrium moles	0.2	0.1	1.8

[2]

Marking note: From stoichiometry, 1.8 mol $SO_3$ formed requires 1.8 mol $SO_2$ and 0.9 mol $O_2$ consumed (2:1:2 ratio).

(ii) Since volume = 1.0 dm³, concentrations = moles. $K_c = \frac{(1.8)^2}{(0.2)^2(0.1)} = \frac{3.24}{0.04 \times 0.1} = \frac{3.24}{0.004} = 810$ [1]

The calculated $K_c$ (810) is much smaller than the literature value ( $1.7 \times 10^8$ ). [1] This suggests that the reaction had not yet reached equilibrium, or there may be experimental errors in the measurements. [1]

Marking note: Award 1 mark for correct calculation, 1 mark for noting the discrepancy, 1 mark for a valid explanation (not at equilibrium / experimental error).

(d)(i) The equilibrium shifts to the left (towards $SO_2$ and $O_2$ ). [1] The forward reaction is exothermic ( $\Delta H = -197$ kJ mol⁻¹). Increasing temperature favours the endothermic (reverse) direction to absorb the added heat. [1]

Marking note: 1 mark for correct direction, 1 mark for correct explanation.

(d)(ii) The position of equilibrium does not change. [1] A catalyst speeds up both the forward and reverse reactions equally, so it does not affect the position of equilibrium. It only allows equilibrium to be reached faster. [1]

Marking note: 1 mark for no change, 1 mark for correct explanation.

(e) A pressure of 2 atm is a compromise. [1] Higher pressure would favour the forward reaction (fewer moles of gas on the right: 2 vs 3), increasing the yield of $SO_3$ . However, the equilibrium already lies far to the right at 700 K (very large $K_c$ ), so the yield is already high even at moderate pressure. Using very high pressure would be expensive and dangerous, with only a marginal increase in yield. [1]

Marking note: Must mention the cost/safety argument and the fact that the yield is already high due to the large $K_c$ . The concept of "compromise" between yield and cost is key.

END OF ANSWER KEY